FOREWORD
This
monograph on the 1980 Census of Guam is a result of many professional
contributions. This activity has helped
prepare for the 1990 Census of Guam.
This monograph attempts to directly interpret 1980 data and to consider
the information for the planning process.
The monograph is presented by chapters to contain relevant, useful
tables.
The
Interagency Committee on Population and others have prepared the
monograph. Supplementary material has
been added to aid research projects, grant applications, and other applications
for both government and private sectors.
In
summary, the report identifies what type of census information is available to
aid in planning for what our population composition will be like by 1990 and
into the future. The presentation of
the individual chapters should be helpful to the users of such data.
The
following individuals were associated with the various chapters:
Michael J. Levin Bureau of the Census
Introduction, Age and Sex
Distribution,
Fertility
Susan Ham Bureau of Planning Geographic Distribution,
Housing
Characteristics,
Labor Force
Cynthia L. Naval Department of Commerce
Household and Family
Characteristics,
Fertility,
Housing
Characteristics
Joseph P. Borja Department of Public
Health and Social
Services Marital Status, Mortality
Joseph E. Quinata Department of Commerce
Migration
Joseph T. Flores Department of Commerce
Ethnicity, Estimates and
Projections
Manuel F.L. Guerrero Department of Education
Education
Alan T.K. Wang Department of Labor
Labor Force
Yung Brian Suh Department of Commerce
Industry, Occupation
and
Class of Worker
Peter R. Barcinas Department of Commerce
Income
The
Office of Territorial and International Affairs, Department of Interior,
provided funding for Joseph Flores, Department of Commerce, and Susan Ham,
Bureau of Planning, to spend two months in Washington at the Census Bureau in
1986 to begin the interpretation and analysis of the 1980 census data; OTIA
also paid for Michael Levin's transportation and per diem on Guam in 1987. Population Division, Bureau of the Census,
provided Michael Levin's salary, both in Washington and in Guam. The various agencies and departments in the
Government of Guam provided individuals as needed to finish the chapters. The Pacific Star Hotel provided work space
for Michael Levin at reduced cost when it was badly needed.
We
wish to extend our sincere appreciation to all who participated in this
project.
Peter R. Barcinas
Michael J. Levin, Ph.D.
Cynthia L. Naval
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Guam, an unincorporated territory of the
United States, is the largest, most populated, and Southern‑most island
in the Marianas archipelago. The island
is 30 miles long and 8 miles wide, with a total land area of 209 square
miles. The island was formed through an
uplift of undersea volcanic activity and is surrounded by coral reefs near the
shore. Guam is composed of two distinct
geological areas of about equal size: the Northern part of the island is a high
coraline limestone plateau rising up to 850 feet above sea level and contains
the water lens which is the main source of fresh water on Guam; the Southern
region is mountainous. Apra Harbor, one
of the largest protected harbors in the Pacific, is located on the central,
western side of the island.
Guam became a possession of the United
States after the Spanish‑American War in 1898, and for the next 40 years
remained almost unaffected by the changes occurring in the outside world. Health measures instituted by the U.S. Naval
government started a rapid population growth, and between 1898 and 1940 the
island's population more than doubled, from 10,000 to more than 22,000. Because of the occupation of Guam by
Japanese armed forces during World War II, after the war more attention was
paid to the territory. In 1950, Guam
became an unincorporated territory of the United States by the Organic
Act. Chamorro residents became United
States citizens and the Government of Guam was set up with a Legislative Branch
elected by Guamanians and an Executive Branch appointed by the President of the
United States and directly responsible to the Department of Interior. In 1970, Guam elected its own governor for
the first time. Guam is divided into
19 election districts.
SPANISH
PERIOD
Although Guam had been inhabited for more
than 3,500 years, it was not officially "discovered" until Magellan
came in 1521. Spanish missionaries and
administrators came and went over the next three hundred years. Contact during the first two centuries was
sporadic, although documented (see Underwood 1973 for recorded contacts). No complete census was taken during this
period.
Following a long period of native unrest,
Don Jose Quiroga arrived in 1680 on Guam and his men "attacked and destroyed
native villages and founded 6 'church‑villages' of Pago, Inapsan,
Inarajan, Merizo, Umatac, and Agat, and forced the natives to move into one of
these centers" (Underwood, 1973, cites Fritz 1904; Corte 1897). Also, Quiroga pursued the natives who fled
to Rota after burning the church at Inarajan.
Some 150 fugitives were returned to Guam. (Corte 1870, Ibanez 1886).
After 1694, when Quiroga became Governor,
the inhabitants of all the Mariana Islands were moved to Guam or Saipan, except
for a few natives who hid out on Rota to escape resettlement. Natives of Tinian Island were finally
defeated on Agrigan and moved to Saipan in 1695. A final resettlement took place when Chamorros residing on Saipan
were removed to Guam in 1698, leaving only Guam and Rota occupied at the
beginning of the 18th century (Underwood, 1973:17, cites Safford, 1901, 1903;
Corte, 1870, Fritz 1904).
"On Guam, a native population in the
throes of resettlement, having suffered a series of damaging typhoons in 1670
(Ibanez 1886), in 1671 (Corte 1870; Thompson 1946, 1947; Reed 1952) and in 1693
(Thompson 1945; Reed 1952), and engaging in a series of rebellions, would
expectably be peculiarly susceptible to disease, whether of introduced or
native origins. That population decline
began well before the date of the first Spanish census in 1710 seems evident,
but the decrease had certainly not proceeded to the level of from 100 to 400
indicated by Dampier, after his visit in 1686, and recorded by Haswell (1917),
Safford (1901), and Reed (1952)" (Underwood, 1973:18).
The data in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 show the
change in composition of the population on Guam and Rota combined from 1710,
the first Spanish census, through 1830.
Rota could not be disaggregated from Guam in these tabulations; only a
few hundred persons were living on Rota during this period. Immigrants, particularly Filipinos,
continued to come to the Mariana Islands throughout the period, but since the
censuses seem to classify persons in different ways, the population flows
cannot be traced very well. The number
of pure Chamorros decreased during the 1700s, and then started a very gradual
increase during the early 1800s. While
the Native population declined steadily, reaching its lowest point in 1786, the
"mestizo" population (the progeny of matings between natives and
Spanish, Filipino, and other foreigners) grew during the period.
Table
1.1 Ethnic Distribution: 1710 to
1830
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Spanish/ Fili‑ Offcls/
Date
Total Natives Mixed
Mestizo pinos Troops
Others
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
1830
6,490 2,652 1,007 5 2,612 70
143
1829
6,480 2,697 1,006 5 2,557 79
136
1828
6,448 2,792 970 2 2,466 78
140
1825
5,901 2,683 3,218 0 0 0 0
1816
5,389 2,559
0 1,109 1,484
147 90
1802
4,149 2,151 0
676 1,156 139 27
1801
4,244 2,142 0
657 1,274 140 31
1800
4,060 2,108 0
542 1,234 139 37
1799
4,001 2,074 0
591 1,164 142 30
1795
3,500 1,894 0
537 898 147 24
1793
3,584 1,766 0
961 710 147 0
1710
3,614 3,143 0 471 0 0 0
_______________________________________________________________________
Notes: Mestizos excluded from Spanish category 1828
to 1830; for 1828
to 1830 census reports,
"other" includes English, French,
Mulattos, Malayans, and Pacific Islanders.
Source:
Karolle 1978:46‑47 (Karolle cites Underwood 1976: 206, Carano
1964: 199, 323‑324, Statistical
Abstract: Guam 1975: 2.
The percent native also fluctuated quite
a bit during the period, again, attributable to the classification systems used
in the various censuses (Table 1.2).
The proportion of Filipinos in the population increased between 1710 and
1801, then remained at about 30 percent for several years. These Filipinos were mainly workers brought
from the Philippines to serve the Spanish.
Table
1.2 Percent Ethnic Distribution: 1710
to 1830
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Spanish/ Fili‑ Offcls/
Date
Total Natives Mixed
Mestizo pinos Troops
Others
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
1830
100.0 40.9 15.5 .1 40.2 1.1
2.2
1829
100.0 41.6 15.5 .1 39.5 1.2
2.1
1828
100.0 43.3 15.0 .0 38.2 1.2
2.2
1825
100.0 45.5 54.5
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
1816
100.0 47.5 0.0
20.6 27.5 2.7
1.7
1802
100.0 51.8 0.0
16.3 27.9 3.4 .7
1801
100.0 50.5 0.0
15.5 30.0 3.3 .7
1800
100.0 51.9 0.0
13.3 30.4 3.4 .9
1799
100.0 51.8 0.0
14.8 29.1 3.5 .8
1797
100.0 37.2 0.0
20.4 0.0 4.8
37.6
1795
100.0 54.1 0.0
15.3 25.7 4.2 .7
1793
100.0 49.3 0.0
26.8 19.8 4.1
0.0
1710
100.0 87.0 0.0
13.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
________________________________________________________________________
Notes: See Notes to Table 1.1
Source:
Karolle 1978:46‑47 (Karolle cites Underwood 1976: 206, Carano
1964: 199, 323‑324, Statistical
Abstract: Guam 1975: 2.
Between 1800 and about 1856, the
population nearly tripled, reaching more than 8,000 before a devastating
smallpox epidemic in 1856 reduced the number by about half (Table 1.3). For the rest of the century the population
gradually recovered, although a large part of this latter increase was due to
migration of Carolinians, brought as a part of a Spanish policy of repopulating
the Marianas. Also, a number of people
migrated from the Philippines.
The rate of natural growth must have been
very high, because epidemics continued, and yet the population increased. Safford (1901) has noted that an epidemic
killed 194 persons on Guam in January, 1849.
An epidemic of whooping cough reportedly resulted in the deaths of at
least 200 children in 1855 (Fritz 1904).
And two epidemics swept through the survivors of the smallpox epidemic
in 1856 ‑ a measles epidemic in which at least 50 died in 1861, while
another epidemic of whooping cough caused the deaths of 100 children in Agana,
alone, in 1898 (Fritz 1904 from Underwood, 1973:23).
"Prior to the time of the decimating
smallpox epidemic in 1856, immigration to the Mariana Islands had been minimal,
especially in contrast to the rate of population movement into the area which
took place after that date. A small
Carolinian colony was established on Guam in 1816... This nucleus of Carolinian
settlement was augmented somewhat following the great earthquake and tidal wave
which apparently hit many Carolinian islands, as well as Guam, in 1849, leading
survivors of the calamity to flee their ravaged atoll homes and seek refuge
elsewhere in Micronesia...the Mariana Islands were not used extensively as a
penal colony prior to the 1870s" (Underwood 1973:23).
Table
1.3 Population by Village and Region:
1831 to 1897
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Village 1897 1891
1886 1872 1871
1849 1832 1831
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Guam...................8,698 8,369 8,144
6,248 6,276 7,940 6,310 6,049
North.......................6,324
6,153 5,949 4,972 5,251 6,452 5,065 4,831
Agana.....................5,198 (NA) 4,959
(NA) (NA) 5,620 4,362 4,137
Other North...............1,126 (NA)
990 (NA) (NA)
832 703 694
Anigua.................. (NA) (NA)
169 (NA) (NA)
217 246 234
Asan.................... (NA) (NA)
252 (NA) (NA)
190 155 158
Tepungan................ (NA) (NA) 234 (NA) (NA)
73 57 56
Sinajana................ (NA)
(NA) 142 (NA) (NA) 250
177 172
Maria
Cristina.......... (NA) (NA) 193
(NA) (NA) (NA)
(NA) (NA)
Mongmong................ (NA) (NA)
(NA) (NA) (NA) 102 68 74
South.......................2,374
2,243 2,195 1,276 1,025 1,488 1,245 1,218
Agat‑Sumay................1,325 1,151
1,141 641 553 287 218
222
Umatac‑Merizo............. 788
679 664 379
316 582 539
501
Umatac.................. (NA) (NA)
225 (NA) 127
224 220 206
Merizo.................. (NA) (NA)
439 (NA) 189
358 319 295
Inarajan.................. 261
413 390 256
156 346 244
246
Pago...................... (NA) (NA)
(NA) (NA) (NA)
273 244 249
__________
________________________________________________________________
Source:
Underwood 1973:27; 1831 and 1832 from Safford (1901); 1849 from Cox
(1917); 1871 from Corte (1875); 1872
from Ibanez (1886); 1886 from
Noticias (1886); 1891 from Resumen
(1891), 1897 Census.
The number and the variety of the
immigrants increased after 1856. As many as 63 Chinese laborers arrived from
Manila aboard the Spanish vessel Denia in 1858
(Safford 1901); and an additional 39 Chinese may have arrived during the
1860s (Fritz 1904). About 35 Japanese
agricultural laborers arrived in the Mariana Islands in 1867.
Between 1865 and 1869, over 1,000
Carolinians came to the Mariana Islands, in part to develop the copra industry
in the area. An earlier complement of
some 600 Carolinians were brought to Guam on labor contracts about 1861 (Beers,
1954), and by 1868, when an additional 95 Carolinians were brought to Guam, a
total of 430 Carolinians were listed as resident in the community around what
is now Tamuning (Ibanez 1886).
Table 1.3 and 1.4 show village
distributions during the 1800s. Since
the various sources did not collect data in comparable manners, Underwood
(1973) made broad categories which are repeated here.
The population of Guam increased until
the 1856 epidemic, and then decreased suddenly. There were also shifts between the North and the South, with
increased percentages living in the North until 1871, and then a drifting away
from the North to the Southern villages.
Immigration could explain some of these differences, of course,
particularly the movements of the large numbers of Carolinians. The Agana area continued to have the
majority of the population throughout the period.
Table
1.4. Percent Population by Village and
Region: 1831 to 1897
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Village 1897 1891
1886 1872 1871
1849 1832 1831
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Guam.................. 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North...................... 72.7
73.3 73.0 79.6
83.7 81.3 80.3
79.9
Agana.................... 59.8
NA 60.9 NA
NA 70.8 69.1
68.4
Other North.............. 12.9
NA 12.2 NA
NA 10.5 11.1
11.5
Anigua................. NA
NA 2.1 NA
NA 2.7 3.9
3.9
Asan................... NA
NA 3.1 NA
NA 2.4 2.5
2.6
Tepungan............... NA NA 2.9 NA
NA .9 .9
.9
Sinajana...............
NA NA 1.7
NA NA 3.1
2.8 2.8
Maria
Cristina......... NA NA 2.4 NA
NA NA NA
NA
Mongmong............... 1.2
1.1 1.3 NA
NA 1.3 1.1
1.2
South...................... 27.3
26.7 27.0 20.4
16.3 18.7 19.7
20.1
Agat‑Sumay............... 15.2
13.7 14.0 10.3
8.8 3.6 3.5
3.7
Umatac‑Merizo............ 9.1
8.1 8.2 6.1
5.0 7.3 8.5
8.3
Umatac................. NA
NA 2.8 NA
2.0 2.8 3.5
3.4
Merizo................. NA
NA 5.4 NA
3.0 4.5 5.1
4.9
Inarajan................. 3.0
4.9 4.8 4.1
3.9 4.4 3.9
4.1
Pago..................... NA
NA NA NA
NA 3.4 3.9
4.1
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
Underwood 1973: 27; 1831 and 1832 from Safford (1901); 1849 from
Cox (1917); 1871 from Corte (1875);
1872 from Ibanez (1886);
1886 from Noticias (1886); 1891 from
Resumen (1891), 1897 Census
The first full census which was tabulated
by age and sex as well as some other characteristics was taken in 1897 (Table
1.5 and Figure 1.1). The results of the
census show a slight surplus of females, and a generally youthful population;
the median age for Chamorros on Guam was 21.0 years, with 19.9 for males and
21.9 for females. In her work,
Underwood (1987) compared the census results with other data she collected, and
adjusted the 1897 census counts to make them more accurate. Her adjusted census distributions are also
shown in Table 1.5.
Table
1.5. Population by Age and Sex: 1897
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Spanish Census Adjusted by Use of Vital Records
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Age
Group Total Males
Females Total Males
Females
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total..
8,698 4,137 4,561 9,353 4,409 4,944
Perc.
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to
4 14.8 15.6 14.0 15.2 15.9 14.5
5 to
9 12.8 14.2 11.5 12.8 14.1 11.6
10 to 14 10.3 10.6 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.1
15 to 19 10.0 9.8 10.1 9.8 9.6 10.1
20 to 24
10.8 10.3 11.2 10.8 10.5 11.0
25 to 29 9.6 9.2 10.0 9.6 9.3 9.9
30 to 34 7.6 7.4 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.6
35 to 39 4.9 5.2 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0
40 to 44 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5
45 to 49 3.6 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.1 4.1
50 to 54 3.6 2.9 4.3 3.6 3.1 4.1
55 to 59 3.0 2.5 3.4 3.0 2.7 3.3
60 to 64 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7
65 to 69 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.4
70 to 74 .8 .9 .8 .9 1.0 .8
75 + .4
.5 .4 .4 .4 .4
Unknown .1 .1 .1 ... ... ...
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
Underwood, 1987: 14‑15
Figure 1.1 Age and Sex
Distribution: 1897
The census results for 1897 by village
show that the South was more youthful than the North (Table 1.6). The median ages of the Southern villages
were anywhere from 1 to 2 years lower than those for the Northern villages:
18.6 for Merizo, 19.1 for Agat, and 19.9 for Inarajan, compared to 21.7 for
Agana and 21.9 for Agana‑Adjacent.
Table
1.6. Population of Villages by Age: 1897
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Age
Group Total Agana
Agana‑Adj Agat Merizo
Inarajan
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total.
8,698 5,198
1,126 1,325 788 261
Perc.
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to
4 14.8 13.7 13.5 17.4 18.3 18.4
5 to
9 12.8 12.7 11.9 14.5 11.2 13.8
10 to 14 10.3 10.0 10.9 10.3 11.8 8.8
15 to 19 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.4 11.9 9.2
20 to 24 10.8 10.8 10.9 9.8 12.1 11.1
25 to 29 9.6 9.0 10.1 11.4 9.5 10.3
30 to 34 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.8 6.5 6.5
35 to 39 4.9 5.0 5.3 4.5 4.6 4.2
40 to 44 3.4 3.8 3.1 2.5 2.8 3.1
45 to 49 3.6 4.0 4.3 2.4 1.3 3.8
50 to 54 3.6 3.9 5.0 2.8 2.4 1.5
55 to 59 3.0 3.2 2.0 2.7 2.7
5.0
60 to 64 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.0 3.8 1.1
65 to 69 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.3 .8 .8
70 to 74 .8 1.1 .4 .8 .3 .4
75 +
.4 .5 .4 .4 .1 .8
Unknown .1 .1 .1 0.0 .1 1.1
Median 21.0 21.7 21.9 19.1 18.6 19.9
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
Underwood, 1973: 28
There were 91 males for every 100 females
on Guam in 1897 (Table 1.7). Except for
the youngest ages, and the 35 to 39 years olds, there tended to be more females
than males at each of the age groups.
The other important exception occurred for persons 65 years and over in
which the males predominated, especially in the village of Merizo; it is
unclear whether this is a case of age‑misreporting or real.
Table
1.7. Males per 100 Females by Age: 1897
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Age
Group Total Agana
Agana‑Adj Agat Merizo
Inarajan
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total
90.7 91.6 85.8 90.9 89.9 96.2
0 to
4 100.8 108.8 108.2 90.9 80.0 84.6
5 to
9 111.6 111.9 112.7 111.0 109.5 111.8
10 to 14 95.9 108.0 61.8 78.9 111.4 109.1
15 to 19 87.9 91.4 96.4 89.4 56.7 118.2
20 to 24 83.2 75.3 86.4 97.0 115.9 81.2
25 to 29 84.0 78.0 90.0 101.3 70.5 125.0
30 to 34 86.5 86.2 73.5 63.5 168.4 183.3
35 to 39
100.9 103.1 114.3 96.7 80.0 83.3
40 to 44 84.3 97.0 59.1 57.1 100.0 33.3
45 to 49 68.9 63.3
65.5 113.3 100.0 66.7
50 to 54 60.1 64.8 51.4 42.3 90.0 33.3
55 to 59 67.7 63.7 64.3 100.0 61.5 62.5
60 to 64 94.4 105.5 93.8 92.9 50.0 200.0
65 to 69
104.5 107.3 66.7 112.5 500.0 100.0
70 to 74
108.6 96.4 100.0 266.7 100.0 0.0
75 +
116.7 80.0 300.0 400.0 ... 100.0
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
Underwood, 1973: 28
AMERICAN
PERIOD
At the end of the Spanish‑American
War, Guam became a territory of the United States. Censuses were taken by the Naval governor in 1901 and 1910. Guam was not included in the decennial
census until 1920.
In working with her reconstructed data
set, Underwood produced an estimated census for 1918, just prior to the flu
epidemic which killed many people on Guam (Table 1.8 and Figure 1.2). By 1918, according to her figures, there
were still more females than males, but the population had grown considerably,
partly because of increased medical attention provided by the U.S. Naval
Administration. The population remained
youthful, with the median age for the total being 18.5 years: 17.4 years for
males and 19.4 years for females.
Table
1.8. Estimated Population by Age and Sex: 1918
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Numbers Percent
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Age
Group Total Males
Females Total Males
Females
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total........... 15,000
7,134 7,866 100.0
100.0 100.0
Under
5 years........ 2,216 1,112
1,104 14.8 15.6
14.0
5 to
9 years......... 1,915 1,010
905 12.8 14.2
11.5
10 to
14 years....... 1,547 757
790 10.3 10.6
10.0
15 to
19 years....... 1,494 699
795 10.0 9.8
10.1
20 to
24 years....... 1,618 735
883 10.8 10.3
11.2
25 to
29 years....... 1,444 659
785 9.6 9.2
10.0
30 to
34 years....... 1,141 529
612 7.6 7.4
7.8
35 to
39 years....... 735 369
366 4.9 5.2
4.7
40 to
44 years....... 506 231
275 3.4 3.2
3.5
45 to
49 years....... 533 218
315 3.6 3.1
4.0
50 to
54 years....... 546 205
341 3.6 2.9
4.3
55 to
59 years....... 448 181
267 3.0 2.5
3.4
60 to
64 years....... 416
202 214 2.8 2.8 2.7
65 to
69 years....... 233 119
114 1.6 1.7
1.4
70 to
74 years....... 127 66 61 .8 .9 .8
75
years and over.... 67 36 31 .4
.5 .4
Unknown.............. 14 6 8 .1 .1 .1
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
Underwood 1983: 3
Figure 1.2 Age and Sex
Distribution: 1918
The population increased from under
10,000 when the U.S. Naval Administration began, to almost 15,000 in 1920. Guam has been included in each of the
succeeding decennial censuses after 1920, although with a different
questionnaire from that used Stateside, and with different processing.
The percentage of natives (meaning
Chamorro) decreased from almost 100 percent to 91 percent in 1930, partly
because of the varying numbers of naval personnel on island. There were very few other immigrants (unless
these were included in the "native" totals). As we will see in later chapters, the
proportions changed drastically after World War II when Guam suddenly became
strategically important.
Table
1.9. Population by Ethnicity: 1901 to
1940
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Ethnicity 1940 1935 1930 1925
1920 1915 1910
1901
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total......... 23,067 20,899 19,139
16,648 14,724 13,689 11,953 9,676
Percent..... 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
Natives............ 93.2 93.1 91.1
91.6 93.0 94.7
97.2 99.5
Non‑natives........ 6.8 6.9 8.9
8.4 7.0 5.3 2.8 0.5
Naval
personnel.. 3.4 3.3
5.0 5.2 3.2
(NA) 1.0 0.0
Others........... 3.4
3.6 3.9 3.3
3.7 (NA) 1.8
0.5
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
Thompson 1941:32; Thompson cites Annual
Reports of the Governor
of Guam.
THE
DECENNIAL CENSUSES ‑ 1920 TO 1970
Beginning in 1920, Guam was included in
the population part of the Decennial Census and in 1960 for the Housing
census. In the later chapters we will
include comparable data from those censuses whenever appropriate in an effort
to show population and housing trends over time.
THE
1980 DECENNIAL CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING
The 1980 decennial census was conducted
in conjunction with the 1980 census of the United States. The questionnaire was developed at the
Census Bureau but was reviewed by participants from the Pacific Islands areas
in May, 1979, at a Pacific‑areas conference in Honolulu.
The questionnaire was similar to that
used in the States, and was modified to account for different conditions on
Guam. Unlike in the States, all housing
data was collected for all housing units, and all persons responded to all
questions. Also, the census was
collected through direct interview.
Enumerators visited and listed every housing unit, asking the questions
as worded in the questionnaire (or translating into the native language, if
necessary), and recording the answers.
A single questionnaire was used, which contained all the questions asked
of every person and household.
Special questionnaires were used for the
enumeration of persons in group quarters such as the hospital, the prison,
dormitories at the University of Guam, etc.
These forms contained the same population questions that appeared on the
regular questionnaire but did not include any housing questions.
Responses were determined by the
questionnaire and the instructions given to the enumerator; these instructions
had been adapted from instructions used Stateside, but were modified to account
for the differences on Guam from those found in the States. The definitions and explanations for each
subject are included in the discussions of these subjects in the later chapters
of this monograph, and are drawn largely from various technical materials and
procedures used in the data collection.
Facsimiles of the questionnaire pages
containing the population and housing questions used to produce this report are
presented in Appendix A.
GENERAL
ENUMERATION PROCEDURES
Usual Place of Residence. In accordance with census practice, each
person enumerated in the 1980 census was counted as an inhabitant of his or her
"usual place of residence", which was generally construed to mean the
place where the person lived and slept most of the time. This place was not necessarily the same as
the person's legal residence or voting residence. In the vast majority of cases, however, the use of these
different bases of classification would produce substantially the same
statistics, although there might be appreciable differences for a few areas.
The implementation of this practice
resulted in the establishment of residence rules for certain categories of
persons whose usual place of residence was not immediately apparent. Therefore, persons were not always counted
as residents of the place where they happened to be staying on Census Day. Persons without a usual place of residence,
or persons with no one at their usual place of residence to report them to a
census taker, however, were counted where they happened to be staying.
U.S. Armed Forces. Members of the United States Armed Forces
living on a military installation were counted, as in previous censuses, as
residents of the area in which the installation was located; members of the
U.S. Armed Forces not living on a military installation were counted as
residents of the areas in which they were living. Persons in families with U.S. Armed Forces personnel were counted
where they were living on Census Day (i.e., the military installation or
"off base", as the case might be).
Each U.S. Navy ship was attributed to the
geographic area that the Department of the Navy designated as its homeport.
Crews of Merchant Vessels were
enumerated at the port where they were berthed (if they were berthed),
excluding those not flying a U.S. flag.
Persons away at school, if college
students, were counted as residents of the area in which they were living while
attending college. However, children in
boarding schools below the college level were counted at their parental home.
Persons at institutions were
counted as residents of the area where the institution was located. Patients in short‑term wards of
general hospitals were counted at their usual place of residence; if they had
no usual place of residence or there was no one at their usual place of
residence to report them, they were counted at the hospital.
Persons away from their residence on
Census Day at hotels, motels, etc., on the night of March 31, 1980, having
their usual home on Guam and who indicated that no one was at home to report
them in the census would be enumerated as residents of the hotel, motel,
etc. Information on persons away from
their usual place of residence who indicated that someone was at home to report
them was obtained from other members of their families, resident managers,
neighbors, etc. If an entire household
was away during the whole period of the enumeration, information on that
household was obtained from neighbors.
Residents Abroad. Residents who were abroad for an extended
period (in the U.S. Armed Forces, working at civilian jobs, studying at
universities outside Guam, etc.) were not included in the population of Guam. On the other hand, residents who were
temporarily abroad on vacations, business trips, and the like, were counted at
their usual residence on Guam.
Persons from Other Areas having
their usual residence (legally or illegally) on Guam on Census Day, including
those working here and those attending school (but not living at a chancellery
or consulate), were included in the enumeration, as were members of their
families with them, regardless of citizenship.
However, persons from other areas, temporarily visiting or traveling on
Guam, were not enumerated in the 1980 census.
DATA
COLLECTION PROCEDURES
The 1980 Census of Guam was conducted
through direct interview. Beginning on
Census Day, April 1, 1980, enumerators visited and listed every household
asking the questions as worded on the questionnaire, and recording the
answers. A single questionnaire was
used, which contained all the questions asked of every person and household.
Special questionnaires were used for the
enumeration of persons in group quarters such as colleges and universities,
hospitals, and prisons. These forms
contained the same population questions that appeared on the regular
questionnaire but did not include any housing questions.
PROCESSING
PROCEDURES
The 1980 census questionnaires were
processed in a manner similar to that for the 1970 census. They were designed to be processed
electronically by the Film Optical Sensing Device for Input into Computer
(FOSDIC). For most items on the
questionnaire, the information obtained by the enumerator was recorded by
marking the answers in the predesignated positions that would be
"read" by FOSDIC from a microfilm copy of the questionnaire and
transferred onto computer tape with no intervening manual processing. The computer tape excluded information on
individual names and addresses.
The tape containing the information from
the questionnaires was processed on the Census Bureau's computers through a
number of editing and tabulating steps.
Among the products of this operation were computer tapes from which the
tables in the reports were prepared on phototypesetting equipment at the
Government Printing Office.
SOURCES
OF ERROR
Since the 1980 population and housing
data for Guam were tabulated from entries for all persons and housing units on
all questionnaires, these data were not subject to sampling error. In any large‑scale statistical
operation such as a decennial census, however, human and mechanical errors
occur. These errors are commonly
referred to as nonsampling errors. Such
errors include failure to enumerate every housing unit or person in the
population, not obtaining all required information from respondents, obtaining
incorrect or inconsistent information, and recording information incorrectly. Errors can also occur during the field
review of the enumerator's work, the clerical handling of the census
questionnaires, or the electronic processing of the questionnaires. Quality control and review measures were
used throughout the data collection and processing phases of the 1980 census to
minimize undercoverage of the population and housing units and to keep errors
at a minimum.
EDITING
OF UNACCEPTABLE DATA
The objective of the processing operation
was to produce a set of statistics that described the population and housing as
accurately and clearly as possible.
In the field, questionnaires were
reviewed for omissions and certain inconsistencies by a census clerk or an
enumerator and, if necessary, a followup was made to obtain missing
information. In addition, a similar
review of questionnaires was done in the central processing office. As a rule, however, editing was performed by
hand only when it could not be done effectively by machine.
There are two means by which incomplete
or inconsistent data on the questionnaires were corrected during the editing
process: allocation and substitution.
Allocations or assignments of acceptable codes in place of unacceptable
entries, were needed most often when there was no entry for a given item or
when the information reported for a person on that item was inconsistent with
other information for the person. As in
previous censuses, the general procedure for changing unacceptable entries was
to assign an entry for a person that was consistent with entries for other persons
with similar characteristics. The
assignment of acceptable codes in place of blanks or unacceptable entries
enhanced the usefulness of the data.
The allocation technique for unknown age illustrates the process:
1. The computer stored ages of persons by
selected characteristics, including sex, relationship, marital status, and
characteristics of other household members.
2. Each stored age was retained in the computer
only until a succeeding person having the same set of characteristics and having
age reported was processed through the computer during the electronic edit
operation. Then the reported age entry
of the succeeding person was stored in place of the one previously stored.
3. When the age of the person was not reported,
or the entry was unacceptable, the age assigned to this person was that which
was stored for the last person who otherwise had the same set of
characteristics.
The 1980 census data on the economic
questions such as industry, occupation, class of worker, work experience, and
income were processed using an allocation system which assigned values to
missing entries in these questions, as necessary, from a single respondent with
similar socioeconomic characteristics.
Three population and two housing reports
were published after the 1980 census.
These were:
PC80‑1‑A54 Number of Inhabitants
PC80‑1‑B54 General Population Characteristics
PC80‑1‑C/D54 Detailed Social and Economic
Characteristics
HC80‑1‑A54 General Housing Characteristics
HC80‑1‑B54 Detailed Housing Characteristics
In addition to the printed reports,
results of the 1980 census also were provided on computer tape in the form of
summary tape files (STFs). These data
products were designed to provide statistics with greater subject and
geographic detail than was feasible or desirable to provide in printed
reports. The STF data were made
available at nominal cost. Because of likelihood
of incompatible computer systems, the STF data were also provided on microfiche. Recently, the data have also been provided
on floppy diskettes which can be read on IBM‑PC compatible equipment.
STF 1 provides population and housing
data summarized for Guam as a whole, for election districts, for census
designated places (villages), and for enumeration districts. The data include those shown in PC80‑1‑A54,
PC80‑1‑B54, and HC80‑1‑A54. STF 3 contains data on various population and housing subjects
such as education, employment, and income.
The areas covered are the same as STF 1.
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
The geographic distribution of Guam's
inhabitants has been transformed since pre‑contact times, when the
Chamorro population lived in small hamlets located both along the coast and in
the interior. Early historical accounts
relate that along the coast, these hamlets consisted of approximately 50 to 150
huts, while the interior hamlets were smaller, of from 6 to 20 huts (Carano and
Sanchez, 1964). By 1681, the Spanish‑Chamorro
wars had resulted in the destruction of the smaller villages and the forced
relocation of the native people into a few large villages, where the Spanish
could control the population.
The Spanish established the government in
Agana because of its long history as the political and cultural center of
Guam. In order to facilitate the
affairs of government outside Agana, Spanish authorities divided Guam into
municipalities. Each municipality
consisted of several villages or pueblos and was under the charge of a native
magistrate called a "gobernadorcillo" ("little
governor"). This system of
municipal government continued under the American authorities after 1898. The gobernadorcillo was renamed as
commissioner, and a deputy commissioner position was instituted to assist the
commissioner.
Municipalities thus became the primary
divisions of Guam for census reporting.
By the 1920 Census, Guam had 8 separate municipalities, as shown in
Figure 1.3. These municipalities were
Agana, Asan, Piti, Sumay, Yona, Agat, Inarajan and Merizo. U.S. naval station personnel were not
counted as residents of Guam, but were included in the continental United
States. The 1920 census report shows
population data for each municipality and for rural sections outside of Agana
City.
The reporting of 1930 census data was
similar to that of 1920 except that, in 1930, persons on naval reservations,
including U.S. ships stationed on Guam, were counted as residents of Guam. These results were not included in the population
of any municipality, but were compiled separately. A greater portion of this naval population should, according to
the 1930 census report, have been assigned to the city of Agana, but the exact
location of these reservations could not be determined from the information
given by the enumerators on the census schedules.
Substantial reorganization of the
municipalities occurred in 1931 in preparation for Guam's first elected
Congress and first elected commissioner system. Executive Order 53 set forth the divisions of the old municipality
of Agana into the municipalities of Agana, Barrigada, Dededo, and Yigo, and
further subdivided the municipality of Barrigada into Barrigada and Sinajana
districts, and Dededo into Dededo and Machanao districts. In addition, Merizo
was subdivided into Merizo and Umatac districts, and Inarajan was subdivided
into Inarajan and Talofofo districts.
Reorganization thus created 7 new municipalities and districts for a
total of 15 (See Figure 1.4).
The Second Guam Congress was the first
elected Congress in the Territory, with the population counts of the 1930
census used for apportionment.
The 1940 census presented total counts
for all 15 municipalities and districts, as well as for over 100 towns, barrios
and districts within the municipalities.
Military personnel were included within the municipality, district, or
town where the military facility was located, and U.S. naval ships were listed
separately as a portion of Sumay.
During World War II, most of the towns and cities (including Agana city)
were totally destroyed or severely damaged.
In the reconstruction process, many of the communities were relocated
and the division of municipalities into barrios was abandoned. There was also some reorganization of the
municipalities of Agana and Sinajana in 1947, as part of Agana was annexed to
Sinajana (Figure 1.5).
The 1950 census reported data for the 15
municipalities existing in 1940 and for 20 villages or cities existing as minor
subdivisions within the municipalities.
For the first time, census reports made no mention of the presence of
military quarters, even though Guam's population had more than doubled between
1940 and 1950, almost exclusively as the result of post‑war military
activities.
One of the provisions of the Organic Act
of 1950 caused the organization, authority, and responsibilities of the
commissioner system to continue to follow the pattern outlined in Guam Congress
Bill No. 16, passed in 1948. However,
between 1950 and 1960, Guam's municipalities again underwent extensive
reorganization. A local law was enacted
to establish the election district boundaries for the purpose of electing the
district commissioners, creating 6 new districts and eliminating 2.
Figure 1.3 Guam, 1920 and 1930
Figure 1.4 Guam 1940
Figure 1.5 Guam, 1950
Figure 1.6 Guam, 1960
Figure 1.7 Guam, 1970
Figure 1.8 Guam, 1980
The 1960 census results were for 19
election districts (Figure 1.6). These
districts included the 6 newly created municipalities of Tamuning, Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite,
Mangilao, Chalan Pago‑Ordot, Agana Heights, and Santa Rita. Because Sumay and Machanao were claimed by
the military and ceased to require elected representation by commissioner, they
were incorporated into the boundaries of other districts. Sumay was annexed into Santa Rita, and
Machanao into Dededo and Yigo. 1970 and
1980 election district boundaries remained the same as the boundaries used in
1960, so census data for those three periods are comparable (Figures 1.7 and
1.8).
Beginning in 1960, the Census Bureau
began using a new term, that of "Place", and later "Census
Designated Place" to define generally closely settled centers of
population without corporate limits. A
Place with a population of 2,500 or more is considered urban, and the remaining
areas are rural. Places in 1960, 1970,
and 1980 are comparable; in 1980, new Places were added in addition to the ones
used previously. Although the definition
of Place remained the same, the interpretation and application of that definition
allowed the addition of military housing areas in 1980 that were not allowed in
1970. Therefore, the expansion of urban
areas between 1970 and 1980 was partially the result of including military
housing in 1980.
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION BY BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Although election district boundaries
have been altered considerably between 1920 to 1980, the broad areas of
Northern, Central, and Southern Guam have remained intact (See Figures 1.3
through 1.8). For the purpose of data
analysis, comparability by geographic area over time can be maintained between
1940 and 1980 within these three broad areas.
The major disadvantage to this system is the inclusion in the South of
the district of Santa Rita, which contains a single large government quarters
area that distorts some of the data.
Beginning with 1960, the North consisted of Dededo, Tamuning and
Yigo. Central Guam consisted of Agana,
Agana Heights, Asan, Barrigada, Chalan Pago/Ordot, Mangilao, Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite,
Piti and Sinajana. The South was
composed of Agat, Inarajan, Merizo, Santa Rita, Talofofo, Umatac and Yona.
Prior to World War II, 63 percent of the
population was concentrated in Central Guam, primarily in the capital city of
Agana; 29 percent lived in the South; and only 8 percent resided in the
North. While population increases
occurred in each of the three regions between 1940 and 1980, the vast majority
of the growth took place in the Northern portion of the island (Table 1.10)
Table
1.10 Distribution by Region on Guam:
1940 to 1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Numbers Percent
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Region 1980
1970 1960 1950 1940
1980 1970 1960
1950 1940
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total.. 105,979 84,996 67,044 59,498 22,290
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North.... 47,583 32,540 18,752 16,147 1,795
44.9 38.3 28.0
27.1 8.1
Central.. 34,526 31,266 25,479 26,495 13,946 32.6
36.8 38.0 44.5
62.6
South.... 23,870 21,190 22,813 16,856 6,549
22.5 24.9 34.0
28.3 29.4
___________________________________________________________________________
Note:
See text for inclusion of election districts in regions.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
The proportion of persons living in the
North increased steadily from 8 percent in 1940 to 45 percent in 1980, with the
Northern population growing by 45,788 persons over the 40 year period. Central Guam showed substantial and steady
population growth during the same period, increasing by 20,580 persons;
however, the proportion of the population living there declined from 63 percent
to 33 percent. In contrast, Guam's
Southern area did not show steady growth during the same period. The population of the South grew by 16,264
persons between 1940 and 1960, declined by 1,623 persons during the 1960s, and
recovered 2,680 persons during the 1970s.
By 1980, the proportion of persons residing in the South dropped to 23
percent.
One of the causes for these changes in
population distribution was the occupation of the island by the Japanese armed
forces during World War II and the continued presence of the United States
military after Guam's recapture. World
War II had a profound impact on the relocation of the civilian population out
of established communities and into areas that were either more convenient to
the occupying forces or that were safer for the inhabitants. War activities caused certain villages to
cease to be inhabited by civilians, including most of Machanao in the North and
Sumay in the South. The village of
Agana in Central Guam became nearly deserted.
Another cause for the changes in
population distribution was Guam's increased strategic value to the United
States during and following World War II.
In 1944, Guam became the only location in the Western Pacific large
enough to hold major U.S. military bases and to be completely under American
control when the Philippines gained independence from the United States. As a result, the Navy and Air Force built
large military installations on Guam, seizing over one‑third of the
island's land and water in the process.
Military personnel and their dependents were concentrated into densely
settled areas on and near bases, which were primarily in the Northern and
Central portions of the island, without regard to the location of established
local communities. Because base areas
and government quarters areas targeted by the military government for the
development of infrastructure, and also because civil service jobs on bases
were available to the civilian community, the Northern and Central portions of
the island attracted migration by the resident population and new residents.
The location of military facilities was
determined largely by Guam's geography.
The flat limestone plateau of the North became the location of Andersen
Air Force Base; Guam's natural deep water port became the center of regional
Naval activities; and an airport site in Central Guam already under
construction by the Japanese became the Naval Air Station and the civilian air
terminal. Southern Guam, with its steep
central spine of mountains, was unsuitable for most military activities other
than a Naval magazine and watershed.
These remain vast, but underdeveloped, holdings.
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION BY ELECTION DISTRICT
There were considerable variations in
population growth between the individual election districts of Guam within the
regions. Although the total population
of the island increased by almost 25 percent between 1970 and 1980, 3 districts
more than doubled in population, while several others lost population. Table 1.11 shows growth of each election
district from 1960 to 1980. As
mentioned earlier, major changes in election district boundaries between 1930
and 1940 and between 1950 and 1960 make district analysis for those decades impossible.
Table
1.11 Population by Region and Election
District: 1960 to 1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Number Percent Percent Change
Region ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Election
District 1980 1970
1960 1980 1970
1960 70‑80 60‑80
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total..........105,979 84,996 67,044 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.7 58.1
North...............
47,583 32,540 18,752 44.9 38.3
28.0 46.2 153.7
Dededo............ 23,644 10,780 5,126
22.3 12.7 7.6
119.3 361.3
Tamuning.......... 13,580 10,218 5,944
12.8 12.0 8.9
32.9 128.5
Yigo.............. 10,359 11,542 7,682
9.8 13.6 11.5
‑10.2 34.8
Central.............
34,526 31,266 25,479 32.6 36.8
38.0 10.4 35.5
Agana............. 896 2,119 1,642
.8 2.5 2.4
‑57.7 ‑45.4
Agana Heights..... 3,284 3,156 3,210
3.1 3.7 4.8
4.1 2.3
Asan.............. 2,034 2,629 3,053
1.9 3.1 4.6
‑22.6 ‑33.4
Barrigada......... 7,756 6,356 5,430
7.3 7.5 8.1
22.0 42.8
Chalan Pago/Ordot. 3,120 2,931 1,835
2.9 3.4 2.7
6.4 70.0
Mangilao.......... 6,840 3,228 1,965
6.5 3.8 2.9
111.9 248.1
Mong‑Toto‑Maite... 5,245
6,057 3,015 4.9
7.1 4.5 ‑13.4 74.0
Piti.............. 2,866 1,284 1,467
2.7 1.5 2.2
123.2 95.4
Sinajana.......... 2,485 3,506 3,862
2.3 4.1 5.8
‑29.1 ‑35.7
South...............
23,870 21,190 22,813 22.5 24.9
34.0 12.6 4.6
Agat.............. 3,999 4,308 3,107
3.8 5.1 4.6
‑7.2 28.7
Inarajan.......... 2,059 1,897 1,730
1.9 2.2 2.6
8.5 19.0
Merizo............ 1,663 1,529 1,398
1.6 1.8 2.1
8.8 19.0
Santa Rita....... 9,183 8,109
12,126 8.7 9.5 18.1 13.2
‑24.3
Talofofo.......... 2,006 1,935
1,352 1.9 2.3
2.0 3.7 48.4
Umatac............ 732 813
744 .7 1.0 1.1 ‑10.0 ‑1.6
Yona.............. 4,228 2,599 2,356 4.0
3.1 3.5 62.7
79.5
__________________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
The villages with the greatest increases
in population between 1970 and 1980 were Dededo, Piti, and Mangilao, and those
showing decreases were Yigo, Agana, Asan, Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite,
Sinajana, Agat, and Umatac. There were
many factors influencing these variations in population growth, although war
and post‑war activities were especially significant.
The village of Agana has traditionally
been Guam's most important community, possessing a rich history dating back to
the pre‑contact era (Sanchez, 1979:9).
Its chiefs were the most respected in the Marianas in pre‑contact
Guam. The Spanish recognized this and
established the seat of government at Agana.
The U.S. Navy continued to use Agana as its administrative center when
it began its administration of the island.
At the beginning of American
administration of Guam, Agana's boundaries actually encompassed all of the
Northern and most of the Central portions of Guam. By 1930, Agana contained 11,042 persons. The population was so concentrated in one
area that urban Agana contained 8,690 persons in 1930, nearly half the island's
population. Agana city's population
continued to grow until 1940, when it had a population of 10,004 (Table 1.12)
Table
1.12 Population of Agana City: 1920 to
1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Percent
Number of Total
Year Number Change Population
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
1980..... 896
‑1223 .8
1970..... 2119
477 2.5
1960..... 1642
842 2.5
1950..... 800
‑9204 1.3
1940..... 10004
1314 44.9
1930..... 8690
1258 47.0
1920..... 7432
... 56.0
________________________________________________________
Note: The boundaries of Agana City have remained
constant between 1920 and 1980.
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
The Japanese occupied Guam from December
10, 1941 until July 1944. Agana was
used as their seat of government and their military headquarters; however,
forced relocation of the population left the city virtually deserted, with no
more than 200 families. The recapture
of the island in 1944 was preceded by American bombardment from shipboard
artillery for 13 consecutive days prior to Guam's recapture, totally destroying
the city.
After Guam's recapture, U.S. military and
civilian authorities decided to reestablish the government in Agana. Because of the massive destruction of the
city during Guam's recapture, the military government literally bulldozed the
remains of the city into the sea, creating a new peninsula of land, and
obliterating all remaining streets and property boundary markers.
A new system of streets was laid out in
Agana, using a different method of surveying from the Spanish system previously
used. Later, in the 1950's, the
Government of Guam superimposed still another survey methodology on top of the
other two. This resulted in a
"fractional lot" problem in Agana that is still being resolved in the
1980's. The depopulation of the city
during the war and unresolved property disputes after the war caused the number
of persons living in Agana to decline from 10,004 persons in 1940 to just 800
persons in 1950. A portion of its pre‑war
population was regained by 1970, but the population declined from 2,119 to 896
persons between 1970 and 1980.
The most dramatic growth occurred in the
Northern district of Dededo, growth which began shortly after the liberation in
1944. From a total population of 5,126 in 1960, Dededo's population increased
by more than 360 percent during the next 20 years, reaching 23,644 persons in
1980. This striking increase was fueled
by in‑migration of Filipinos, Micronesians, Statesiders and other non‑indigenous
people. Private residential and
apartment construction, as well as business construction, flourished in the
area, making it the largest and fastest growing district in the Territory.
The Central, coastal village of Piti
experienced the largest percent population increase (123 percent) of any
district between 1970 and 1980.
However, growth in the civilian, non‑federal lands was 230
persons, or 18 percent between 1970 and 1980.
Piti contains part of Apra Harbor, which has been under U.S. Navy
control since Guam became a U.S. possession.
It was the homeporting of a Navy ship in Apra Harbor between 1970 and
1980, housing 1,352 military personnel, that caused the population of the Piti
to double between 1970 and 1980.
The Northern district of Yigo showed
population growth during the 1960's, but declined by 10 percent between 1970
and 1980. After most of Machanao's land
area became occupied by Andersen Air Force Base immediately after World War II,
Machanao was annexed to Yigo. The fluctuations
in Yigo's population between 1960 and 1980 have been partially the result of
changes in the number of persons living on the base and in government quarters
near the base. The beginning and ending
of the Vietnam Conflict, a war in which Guam's Air Force personnel played a
major role, contributed to the growth of the population in Yigo during the
1960's, and the decreased population during the 1970's. The civilian‑held portion of Yigo
actually grew in population by 90 percent (2,506 persons) between 1970 and
1980, while the population on federal lands decreased by 42 percent.
The Central district of Asan was another
area losing population between 1960 and 1980, declining by 33 percent during
the period. In the late 1970s,
continuing into the 1980s, Asan upgraded and modernized its infrastructure and
public utilities under a federally‑supported community redevelopment
program. Delays to the urban renewal
project caused by archaeological findings and funding problems left the project
incomplete prior to the 1980 census. In
addition to this, part of Asan was designated as a U.S. War in the Pacific
National Park. The limited land area
left for redevelopment has contributed to the decline in population.
The district of Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite
in Central Guam is comprised of three distinct communities. It was established as a single district in
1946. The number of persons living
there shrank by 13 percent between 1970 and 1980 solely because of a decline of
over 1,600 persons living on federal lands in the community of Mongmong,
representing the closure of a Naval Air Station barracks. The civilian, residential portion of the
district grew by slightly more than 800 persons, or almost 20 percent.
The population of the Central district of
Sinajana decreased by 36 percent between 1960 and 1980. The municipality was first organized in
1930. Following World War II, the
population of Sinajana grew tremendously with the construction of some 400 new
homes. Population growth continued
until the housing in the area became saturated, reaching 3,862 persons by
1960. Sinajana was the first district
to be completely upgraded and modernized under a Federal renewal program in the
mid 1970s. The urban renewal project
resulted in the relocation of some residents to other areas of the island and
the elimination of substandard housing lots.
The decline in population between 1960 and 1980 is therefore not likely
to continue into the future.
Among the Southern districts, Santa Rita
contained the greatest number of persons in 1970 and in 1980. More than 63 percent of its population
resided in Navy quarters in 1980, however.
Most growth in the South between 1970 and 1980 occurred in Yona, where
the majority of commercial and residential housing developments were
constructed during the decade. The
districts of Agat and Umatac decreased in population. Agat contained no military populations and no obvious development
constraints; however, it may be that the district experienced out‑migration
by the local resident population, while lacking major housing subdivision
development to attract new residents.
The situation in Umatac has been compounded by the lack of
infrastructure development to support new housing subdivisions.
POPULATION
ON FEDERALLY OWNED LANDS
The federal government owned and
controlled one‑third of Guam's land area in 1980, which has not changed
since the end of World War II. Military
housing on those areas developed independently of the local economy. Defense requirements, the construction of
government quarters in new areas, opening or closing of military barracks, and
the decision to homeport U.S. Navy ships on Guam are factors that have
determined the number and location of active duty military personnel and their
dependents, rather than economic conditions and other factors influencing the
number and distribution of the civilian population. Census data are available for the population on federal lands for
1970 and 1980, as shown in Table 1.13
The 1960 census gives data on persons living in housing units on federal
lands; however, those living in group quarters are not reported for federal
lands.
Table
1.13 Population Distribution by Non‑Federal/Federal
Land Status
and by Urban Designation: 1970 and
1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
1980 1970
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Persons Percent Persons Percent
in
in in in
Region Total Federal Federal Total Federal Federal
Election
District Persons Lands
Lands Persons Lands
Lands
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total............ 105979
19550 18.4 84996
20316 23.9
Urban....... 41875
14063 33.6 21671
0 0
Percent........ 39.5
71.9 ... 25.5
0 ...
North............
47583 8699 44.5
32540 10688 52.6
Urban....... 23208
8430 43.1 8230
0 0
Dededo................ 23644
3554 18.2 10780
1697 8.4
Tamuning.............. 13580
69 .4 10218
235 1.2
Yigo.................. 10359
5076 26 11542
8756 43.1
Central.......... 34526
5065 25.9 31266
4085 20.1
Urban....... 10126
0 0 10829
0 0
Agana................. 896
0 0 2119
0 0
Agana
Heights......... 3284 314
1.6 3156 419
2.1
Asan.................. 2034
417 2.1 2629
535 2.6
Barrigada............. 7756
1716 8.8 6356
1105 5.4
Chalan
Pago‑Ordot..... 3120 0
0 2931 0
0
Mangilao.............. 6840
856 4.4 3228
0 0
Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite... 5245
410 2.1 6057
2026 10
Piti.................. 2866
1352 6.9 1284 0
0
Sinajana.............. 2485
0 0 3506
0 0
South............ 23870
5786 29.6 21190
5543 27.3
Urban....... 8541
5633 28.8 2612
0 0
Agat.................. 3999
0 0 4308
38 .2
Inarajan.............. 2059
0 0 1897
0 0
Merizo................ 1663
0 0 1529
0 0
Santa
Rita............ 9183 5786
29.6 8109 5505
27.1
Talofofo.............. 2006
0 0 1935
0 0
Umatac................ 732
0 0 813
0 0
Yona.................. 4228
0 0 2599
0 0
______________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑B54 Table 4; PC(1)B54 Table 4
Table 1.13 shows that in 1970, 24 percent
of the total population of Guam (20,316 persons) lived on federal land
areas. Nearly 53 percent of these lived
in the North, mostly on Andersen Air Force Base; 20 percent in the Central
region, mostly at the Naval Air Station and Naval Regional Medical Center; and
27 percent lived in the South, in Apra Harbor housing. By 1980, the smaller number of persons on
federal lands and growth in the civilian population caused the percent of
persons living on federal lands to decrease to 18 percent. A larger share resided in Central Guam
because of a naval vessel berthed in Piti.
Future military population living in
federal land areas will be determined by the Defense Department. The 1990 census will probably see some shift
in the geographic distribution of the population to Central Guam caused by the
homeporting of additional ships in Apra Harbor since 1980. The local names of federal land areas are
shown in Table 1.14.
Table
1.14 Population on Federal Lands: 1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Region
Percent Percent
Election
District, Federal Land Area
Persons Of Total Federal
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total
persons...........................
105979 100 ...
Persons on federal land
areas...... 19550 18.4
100
North...................................... 8699 8.2 44.5
Dededo,
Naval Communication Station.............
3538 3.3 18.1
Dededo,
Andersen Air Force Base Northwest Field.
16 0 .1
Tamuning,
Harmon Annex..........................
69 .1 .4
Yigo,
Andersen Air Force Base...................
4892 4.6 25
Yigo, Marbo
Annex...............................
184 .2 .9
Central.................................... 5065 4.8
25.9
Agana
Heights, Naval Hospital...................
314 .3 1.6
Asan,
U.S. Naval Hospital.......................
417 .4 2.1
Barrigada,
Naval Air Station....................
1650 1.6 8.4
Barrigada,
Naval Communication Station..........
66 .1 .3
Mangilao,
Marbo Annex...........................
856 .8 4.4
Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite,
Naval Air Station.......... 410 .4
2.1
Piti,
Vessel....................................
1352 1.3 6.9
South...................................... 5786 5.5 29.6
Santa
Rita, Apra Harbor Naval Reservation.......
5633 5.3 28.8
Santa
Rita, U.S. Naval Magazine.................
153 .1 .8
________________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Summary Tape File 1A, Table 1; Bureau
of Planning, Government of Guam.
POPULATION
DENSITY
Guam's islandwide population density
increased over 368 percent between 1940 and 1980, from 107 persons per square
mile in 1940 to 507 persons per square mile in 1980, as shown in Table
1.15. Increases in density were not
uniform throughout the island. The
Northern portion of the island was the most populated region by 1980, but it
was still not the most densely settled.
Its density increased from 25 persons per square mile in 1940 to 670 in
1980. The Central region was the area
with the highest population density on the island, increasing from 324 to 803
persons per square mile by 1980. At one
time, the Southern portion of the island was more densely settled than the
North, but by 1980, it had the lowest population density, only 251 persons per
square mile. Density in the South
increased rapidly between 1940 and 1960, but remained fairly constant between
1960 and 1980, reflecting the slower rate of growth in the South during the
period of rapid growth in the North.
Table
1.15 Population Distribution and Density by Region: 1940 to 1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Year Pcnt
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ Change
Region 1980 1970 1960
1950 1940 1940‑80
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total population.... 105979 84996 67044 59498
22290 373.8
Area
in square miles.. 209 209
209 209 209
Population
density.... 507 407
321 285 107
North
Population.. 47583 32540
18752 16147 1795
2580
Area
in square miles.. 71 71
71 71 71
Population
density.... 670 458
264 227 25
Central Population. 34526 31266 25479 26495
13946 147.8
Area
in square miles.. 43 43
43 43 43
Population
density.... 803 727
593 616 324
South Population... 23870 21190 22813 16856
6549 263.8
Area
in square miles.. 95 95
95 95 95
Population
density.... 251 223
240 177 69
________________________________________________________________________
Note:
1980 population in Central Guam includes 1352 persons living on
board military vessels.
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑A54 1980 Table 4; PC(1)‑B54
1970 Table 5; P‑B54 1950 Table
34, Bureau of Planning, Government
of Guam.
URBAN‑RURAL
DISTRIBUTION
In order to qualify as urban, an area
must first meet the criteria of Census Designated Place (CDP). As discussed earlier, a CDP is a generally
closely settled center of population without corporate limits. If the CDP has a population of at least
2,500 persons, it is urban. Rural areas
are all areas that are not urban.
Although Places have been named by the
Census Bureau since 1960, a comparison of urban‑rural distribution is not
possible. Census definitions of CDP's
have not been applied consistently on Guam for each census period. In 1960 and 1970, 16 CDP's were named. In 1980, an additional 16 CDP's were listed
(Table 1.16). Many of those CDP's
additionally named in 1980 were existing communities in 1970, and some were existing
even in 1960. The inclusion of
government quarters especially impacts on urban areas, as government quarters
comprised over 34 percent of all urban areas in 1980.
Table
1.16 Population of Census Designated
Places: 1960 to 1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Census Designated Place 1980 1970 1960
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total................. 69106 35079 28567
North....................... 24248 10616 7627
Andersen Air Force Base... 4892 ... ...
Dededo Village............ 2524 2386 2247
Finegayan Station......... 3538 ... ...
Marbo Annex............... 1040 ... ...
Tamuning Village.......... 8862 8230 5380
Yigo Village.............. 3392 ... ...
Central..................... 27870 16257 13000
Agana Village............. 896 2119 1642
Agana Heights Village..... 2970 3156 3210
Agana Station............. 2060 ... ...
Asan Village.............. 726 755
543
Barrigada
Village......... 3127 1549 1729
Barrigada
Hts Subdivision. 1127 ...
...
Chalan
Pago Village....... 1921 ... ...
Latte Heights Subdivision. 1056 ...
...
Maina
Village............. 891 ...
...
Maite
Village............. 419 ...
...
Mangilao
Village.......... 4029 ...
...
Mongmong
Village.......... 2058 5052 2285
Nimitz Hill Annex......... 417 ...
...
Ordot Village............. 1199 ... ...
Piti
Village.............. 737 ...
...
Sinajana
Village.......... 1879 2621
2861
Toto
Village.............. 2358 1005 730
South....................... 16988 8206 7940
Agat Village.............. 2908 2612
2596
Apra
Harbor............... 5633 ...
...
Inarajan
Village.......... 918 614
761
Merizo
Village............ 1500 731 508
Santa Rita
Village........ 1264 1976
1630
Santa Rosa
Subdivision.... 860 ...
...
Talofofo
Village.......... 1470 844
947
Umatac
Village............ 487 423 393
Yona Village.............. 1948 1006 1105
_____________________________________________________________________
Note:
Symbol "..." indicates an area was not designated a CDP.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑A54
1980 Table 9.
Urban areas on Guam contained 40 percent
of the population in 1980 or 41,875 persons (Table 1.17). The North was the most densely urban, with
half of its population residing in urban areas. The population of the village of Tamuning was 65 percent
urban. The federal land areas of
Andersen Air Force Base in Yigo and Finegayan Station in Dededo contributed to
the urban density. Nearly 36 percent of
the population of Southern Guam resided in urban areas, exclusively in Agat (73
percent urban) and Santa Rita (61 percent urban). In contrast, only 29 percent of the population of Central Guam
lived in urban areas, 90 percent in Agana Heights, 40 percent of Barrigada, and
59 percent of Mangilao. The larger
percent urban in the South as opposed to Central Guam is the result of military
housing in Santa Rita.
Table
1.17. Urban and Rural Residence by Election District: 1980
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Number Percent
Region ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑Percent
Election
District Total Urban
Rural Total Urban Rural Urban
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑
Total.......... 105,979 41,875
64,104 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.5
North............... 47,583
23,208 24,375 44.9
55.4 38.0 48.8
Dededo............ 23,644 6,062 17,582
22.3 14.5 27.4
25.6
Tamuning.......... 13,580 8,862 4,718
12.8 21.2 7.4
65.3
Yigo.............. 10,359 8,284 2,075
9.8 19.8 3.2
80.0
Central............. 34,526
10,126 24,400 32.6
24.2 38.1 29.3
Agana............. 896 0 896
.8 0.0 1.4
0.0
Agana Heights..... 3,284 2,970
314 3.1 7.1
.5 90.4
Asan.............. 2,034 0 2,034
1.9 0.0 3.2
0.0
Barrigada......... 7,756 3,127 4,629
7.3 7.5 7.2
40.3
Chalan Pago/Ordot. 3,120 0 3,120
2.9 0.0 4.9
0.0
Mangilao.......... 6,840 4,029 2,811
6.5 9.6 4.4
58.9
Mong‑Toto‑Maite... 5,245 0 5,245 4.9
0.0 8.2 0.0
Piti.............. 2,866 0 2,866
2.7 0.0 4.5
0.0
Sinajana.......... 2,485 0 2,485
2.3 0.0 3.9
0.0
South............... 23,870
8,541 15,329 22.5
20.4 23.9 35.8
Agat.............. 3,999 2,908 1,091
3.8 6.9 1.7
72.7
Inarajan.......... 2,059 0 2,059
1.9 0.0 3.2
0.0
Merizo............ 1,663 0 1,663
1.6 0.0 2.6
0.0
Santa Rita....... 9,183
5,633 3,550 8.7
13.5 5.5 61.3
Talofofo.......... 2,006 0
2,006 1.9 0.0
3.1 0.0
Umatac............ 732
0 732 .7
0.0 1.1 0.0
Yona.............. 4,228 0 4,228 4.0
0.0 6.6 0.0
________________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑A54 1980, Table 4.
SUMMARY
For the purpose of population analysis,
Guam can be divided into Northern, Southern, and Central areas for census
periods between 1940 and 1980. The
smaller geographic units of election districts are comparable between 1960 and
1980, having undergone extensive reorganization on several occasions prior to
1960.
Prior to World War II, nearly half of
Guam's population lived in the one square mile village of Agana, in Central
Guam. Military occupation during and
after the war dispersed the indigenous population into other areas of the
island. Fractional lot problems in
Agana contributed to the difficulty of repopulating the village after the
war. In other parts of the island,
families gave up their inherited lands to the U.S. government, which seized
over one‑third of Guam's land for defense purposes.
The decades 1940 through 1980 thus became
a period of rapid growth in the North.
New inhabitants included both indigenous residents and new off‑island
migrants from the United States and Asia.
The population of the North increased a remarkable 45,788 persons, from
1,795 in 1940 to 47,583 in 1980. Growth
in the other regions did not match the population increase of the North. The
Central region, the most populated area in 1940, added 20,580 persons, while
the South grew by 17,321 persons.
In the Southern region, the villages of
Merizo, Umatac, and Inarajan have retained their rural character, with interior
mountainous areas not suited for housing development. Some new development has occurred during the 1980's in the more
gently sloping areas of Yona and Talofofo, as improved roads shorten travel
time to the commercial further North, and generally improved infrastructure
opens the area for development.
Of the individual election districts
showing decreases and large increase in population between 1960 and 1970, the
number of military personnel living on federal lands was often the source of
the change. The population living on
federal lands should be taken into account in analyzing the growth trends of
election districts. Growth caused by
the homeporting of military vessels and declines caused by the closure of
military barracks are significant in that they do not affect future birth
rates, education needs, or housing markets, nor do fluctuations in the number
of military personnel necessarily mean that a trend has been established.
In 1980, 40 percent of the population
lived in urban places. Of that 40
percent, one‑third lived on military reservations. It is probable that more and more places in
the civilian portions of Northern and Central Guam will meet the 2,500 and over
resident criterion for urban places in the future as the regions become more
populated. The military will probably
not contribute greatly to the development of additional urban areas until new
government quarters are built.
É[1]!B!ÉË
ËĀ
J
EĀÎÎÐB_ÐĀ
EEĀĀEGĀË
ËĀG?ĀÃ#‑ÃCHAPTER
2
Ã#Ã AGE AND SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Ë
ËĀ? UĀ
The age and sex composition of a
population provides information
necessary
to plan for community development and for determining changing
social
and economic characteristics. Age is
the crucial factor for
determining
various potential populations for schooling, manpower, and
voting. Sex is important in understanding social
perspective and trends in
a
community and a population's potential economic activity.
The data on sex were derived from answers
to question 3. At the time
of
field review, most cases in which sex was not reported were resolved by
determining
the appropriate entry from the person's given name and household
relationship. When sex remained blank, it was allocated
according to the
relationship
to the householder and the age and marital status of the
person.
The data on age were derived from answers
to question 5. Only the
information
in items 5b and 5c (on month and year of birth) was read into
the
computer. Answers to questions 5a (on
age at last birthday) were used
during
field review to fill any blanks in question 5c. The age
classification
was based on the age of the person in completed years as of
April
1, 1980. The data on age represent the
difference between date of
birth
and April 1, 1980.
In Chapter 1 we discussed historical
statistics for Guam, including age and sex distributions, starting with
information from the 1700s. In this,
and subsequent chapters, we will be discussing recent statistics for Guam, with
a view for the potential use of the data for planning purposes.
The population of Guam has been aging in
recent years, partly because
of
reduced fertility (which will be described in Chapter 5), partly as a
result
of even more drastic decreases in mortality (as described in Chapter
6), and
partly because of the unusual migration situation, with large
numbers
of relatively "middle-aged" migrants (discussed in detail in Chapter
7).
AGE
AND SEX CHARACTERISTICS
The median age of Guam's population in
1980 was 22.2 years, compared to 30.0 in the United States (Table 2.1 and
Figure 2.1). The median age is
that
age which is the exact mid-point of all ages, that is, half the people
were
older and half the people were younger.
The median had decreased
slightly
from 18.1 in 1920 to 17.9 in 1940, partly due to the influenza
epidemic's
remains in 1919 having affected fertility, and the whooping cough epidemic in
the 1930s. The median increased by 5
years in 1950 because of relatively large numbers of military stationed on
Guam. When many of these persons in the
Armed Forces were gone in 1960, the median decreased again, and only increased
for the 1980 census, probably as a result of decreased fertility and migration.
Ņĸĸ U [1]
ĸŅĮ"Į
In most populations, the median for
females is higher than for males,
but the
military on Guam affects those figures as well. In the early
decades
of the century, before the Armed Forces were on Guam in any
significant
numbers, females generally were older than males (with the
exception
of 1930). In 1950, the median for males
was 3 years older than
for
females because of the Armed Forces and contract workers sent to support
the
military. Males were more than 6 years
older than females in 1960, and
3 years
older in 1970. Partly because of the
reduction in the military and
a
change in their age and sex structure, and because of the increase in the
local
populations, by 1980 the median age for males and females was the
same.
Ā UUĀ
Table
2.1. Median Age: 1920 to 1980
---------------------------------------------------------
Census
Year Total Males
Females
---------------------------------------------------------
1980 22.2 22.2
22.2
1970 20.4 21.6 18.2
1960 20.8 22.9
16.5
1950 22.8 23.3
20.3
1940 17.9 17.3
18.5
1930 18.8 19.1
18.6
1920 18.1 17.3 18.9
_________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
ĀU UĀ
Ë
ËĀ UGĀÃ'ÃFigure 2.1 Median Age: 1920 to 1980
Ë
ËĀG UĀÜÜ
The median age of the population by
region varied over time (Table
2.2). In 1930, the Central region had the lowest
median age (16.4 years),
followed
by the North (17.7 years); by 1950, the Central region had the
highest
median age (23.3 years), with the North second highest (23.2 years).
These
fluctuations between regions could be a result of regional migration
and the
presence of the military in certain regions.
Ā UUĀTable 2.2 Median Age by Region: 1930 to 1980
------------------------------------------------
Year
Region 1980
1970 1960 1950
1940 1930
------------------------------------------------
Guam...
22.2 20.4 20.8
22.8 17.9 18.8
North....... 22.9
22.1 21.6 23.2
18.3 17.7
Central..... 22.5
20.0 18.9 23.3
17.7 16.4
South....... 20.5
18.7 23.4 21.9
18.3 18.1
________________________________________________
Source:
Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
ĀU UĀ
The effect of the Armed Forces on
the sex distribution is more clearly
seen in
Table 2.3 (and Figure 2.2). As noted
previously, in most
populations
there are more females than males. In
fact, on Guam in 1920,
there
were 295 more females than males, but that was the last census to show
a
surplus of females. The sex
distributions in 1930 and 1940 were not
abnormal,
but by 1950, a change had occurred. In
1950 there were 21,472
more
males than females, and the number of males per 100 females doubled,
from
103 in 1940 to 213 in 1950. In 1950,
there were more than 2 males for
every
female on the island. With decreased
military activity, the number of
males
per 100 females decreased, until it reached 109 in 1980, more than any
State
except Alaska, which had a surplus of males for other reasons.
Ā U
UĀTable 2.3. Males per
100 Females: 1920 to 1980
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Census
Surplus of Males per
Year Males Females Males 100
Females
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1980 55,321 50,658
4,663 109.2
1970 47,362 37,634
9,728 125.8
1960 39,211 27,833
11,378 140.9
1950 40,485 19,013
21,472 212.9
1940 11,294 10,983
311 102.8
1930 9,630 8,879
751 108.5
1920 6,490 6,785
-295 95.7
_______________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
Ā
U UĀÜÜ
Ë
ËĀ UGĀÃ'ÃFigure 2.2 Males per 100 Females: 1920 to 1980
Ë
ËĀG UĀ
The distribution by age has changed
somewhat since 1940, the first
decennial
census to display 5 years age groups for ages up to 75 years
(Table
2.4). Between 1940 and 1950, the
percentages of persons under 5
decreased,
probably partly because of residual reduced fertility following
the
war, but primarily because of increased migration of Armed Service
personnel
and contract workers. The change in the
5 to 14 year olds was
even
greater, decreasing by 7 percentage points for the 5 to 9 years olds
and 6
percentage points for the 10 to 14 year olds.
Much of this decrease
must be
attributed to many women not having children during the war years.
This group which would normally have
created an unusual effect in the
age
distribution over time, much as the baby boomers has created a bulge
which
is gradually working its way through the age distribution in the
United
States, cannot be seen for later
censuses because of the great
influx
of military personnel and contract workers, starting in the 1940s.
Hence,
although this decrease is seen for 5 to 14 year olds in 1950, by 1960
when
this group was 15 to 24, the number of Armed Forces personnel in this
same
age group was so great, that the Natives have to be disaggregated to
see the
affects on that segment of the population.
(We have disaggregated
the
population by ethnicity in Chapter 8).
Ā U
UĀTable 2.4. Population by Age and Sex: 1940 to
1980
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numbers Percent
------------------------------------
-----------------------------
Age
Group 1980 1970 1960 1950
1940 1980 1970
1960 1950 1940
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.105,979 84,996 67,044 59,498
22,290 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to
4. 13,002 11,635 10,824
7,568 3,746 12.3
13.7 16.1 12.7
16.8
5 to
9. 12,632 11,762 9,164 4,453
3,261 11.9 13.8
13.7 7.5 14.6
10 to
14. 11,338 10,304 7,254 4,084
2,827 10.7 12.1
10.8 6.9 12.7
15 to
19. 10,993 8,049 4,994
7,162 2,228 10.4
9.5 7.4 12.0
10.0
20 to
24. 11,108 10,270 6,744 11,378 1,870
10.5 12.1 10.1
19.1 8.4
25 to
29. 10,324 6,406 5,572
7,275 1,719 9.7
7.5 8.3 12.2
7.7
30 to
34. 9,289 6,171 6,617 5,452
1,455 8.8 7.3
9.9 9.2 6.5
35 to
39. 6,246 5,474 5,151 4,044
1,203 5.9 6.4
7.7 6.8 5.4
40 to
44. 5,049 4,792 3,403 2,761
946 4.8 5.6
5.1 4.6 4.2
45 to
49. 4,189 3,530 2,631 2,014
812 4.0 4.2
3.9 3.4 3.6
50 to
54. 3,983 2,305 1,736 1,216
599 3.8 2.7
2.6 2.0 2.7
55 to
59. 2,914 1,748 1,171 810
501 2.7 2.1
1.7 1.4 2.2
60 to
64. 1,927 1,070 695
483 435 1.8
1.3 1.0 .8
2.0
65 to
69. 1,418 689 478 346
291 1.3 .8
.7 .6 1.3
70 to
74. 809 351 271 204
210 .8 .4
.4 .3 .9
75 +
.... 758 440 339 248
174 .7 .5 .5 .4
.8
___________________________________________________________________________
Note:
1940 includes 13 persons of unknown age.
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
Ā
U UĀ
The military influence is clearly
seen in the 1950 census results,
since
almost 1 in every 5 persons on Guam was between 20 and 24 in that
year,
up from only 1 in 12 in 1940. The
proportion decreased to about 1 in
10 in
1960 and subsequent years. About 1 in
every 8 persons on Guam in 1950
was
between 15 and 19, and about the same proportion were between 25 and 29.
Altogether
about 43 percent of the population in 1950 was between 15 and 29.
About 16 percent of the 1960 population
were under 5, and another 14
percent
were 5 to 9, showing the effects of the baby boom on Guam. By 1970,
fertility
had begun to decrease, with only 14 percent of the population less
than 5
years old, and by 1980 the decrease continued, to 12 percent of the
population.
The proportion of the population which
was elderly remained low
throughout
the period, partly because of the influence of the presence of
the
military (which decreased the percentage of youth as well as elderly),
and
partly because the birth rate was high, and continued to be fairly high
even in
1980 (although very low compared to the developing world). Just
over 3
percent of the population in 1940 was 65 years and over. The
proportion
of elderly decreased to between 1 and 2 percent from 1950 to
1970,
and increased to 3 percent again in 1980.
As will be shown in Chapter
8 on
ethnicity, most of the elderly were Chamorro, so that as the rest of
the
population ages, the percentage of elderly will increase, as will the
need to
provide housing and other services for these persons.
Traditionally,
Chamorro culture has made provisions for its elderly, with
specific
roles within the extended family context.
As the society has
"Westernized"
many of these roles have changed, resulting in the likelihood
of new
mechanisms being needed to care for the elderly, particularly as
non-Chamorros
become part of this group.
DEPENDENCY
RATIO
The dependency ratio is derived by
dividing the sum of persons under 15
(the
pre-labor force youth) and the elderly (those over 64), by the persons
generally
included in the potential labor force (those 15 to 64), and
multiplying
by 100. A dependency ratio of 100 would
mean that there is
exactly
one dependent for each potential worker; a higher number would mean
that
there are more dependents than workers, and a lower number means that
there
are more workers than dependents.
In 1940, before the military
"invasion", the population was closest to
a
dependency ratio of 100, with a figure of 89 (89 dependents for every 100
potential
workers) (Table 2.5). The dependency
ratio in 1950 was only 40,
less
than half of the ratio for 1940, showing both greatly reduced fertility
in the
war years and the huge influx of military personnel in the late
1940s. This value is unlikely to occur in any
"natural" environment, and is
due to
the large numbers of young and middle-aged adults on island in
connection
with the Armed Forces. This kind of
figure makes analysis of the
dependency
ratios fairly useless since some segments of the population were
still
living at subsistence levels, and other segments were living off an
artificially
constructed economy, including PXs and other imported goods and
materials.
The dependency ratios in 1960, 1970, and
1980, continued to show the
influence
of the military. After a jump in 1960 because of proportionally
fewer
military on island however, the ratio continued to decrease to 60 in
1980. The decrease in the 20 years before the 1980
census was due both to
increased
immigration of aliens in the middle years (as well as
Statesiders),
and decreased fertility (which was far greater than the slight
increase
in the elderly population.)
Ā U
UĀTable 2.5. Dependency
Ratios: 1940 to 1980
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Age
Group 1980 1970 1960 1950
1940
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total..... 105,979 84,996 67,044 59,498 22,277ž1
0 to 14..... 36,972 33,701 27,242 16,105 9,834
15 to
64..... 66,022 49,815 38,714 42,595 11,768
65
+......... 2,985 1,480 1,088 798 675
Dependency
Ratio...... 60.5 70.6 73.2 39.7 89.3
____________________________________________________________________
1)
Excludes 13 persons of unknown age.
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
Ā
U UĀ
The male population has shown the
fluctuations in the age distribution
more
dramatically than the female population, because most of the early
military
personnel were males (Table 2.6).
Again, the age distribution for
1940
was fairly "normal" because most of the residents were Chamorros and
were
living without military activity. In
1950, all of this had changed.
In 1950, almost 1 in every 4 males was
between 20 and 24, another 14
percent
were between 15 and 19, and another 13 percent were between 25 and
29. Hence, more than half the males were in this
15 year age range. Most
of
these males were military personnel.
The proportion of males in this age
range
has remained large throughout the rest of the period because of
continued
military activity on island.
Ā U
UĀTable 2.6. Males by Age and Sex: 1940 to 1980
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numbers Percent
------------------------------------
-----------------------------
Age
Group 1980 1970 1960 1950
1940 1980 1970
1960 1950 1940
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Males. 55,321 47,362 39,211 40,485
11,300 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to
4. 6,620 5,962
5,614 3,885 1,945
12.0 12.6 14.3
9.6 17.2
5 to
9. 6,458 6,054
4,593 2,286 1,734
11.7 12.8 11.7
5.6 15.4
10 to
14. 5,835 5,362 3,685 2,129
1,463 10.5 11.3
9.4 5.3 13.0
15 to
19. 5,849 4,148 3,053 5,583
1,092 10.6 8.8
7.8 13.8 9.7
20 to
24. 6,019 6,642 4,527 9,613
885 10.9 14.0 11.5
23.7 7.8
25 to
29. 5,194 3,569 3,386 5,231
897 9.4 7.5
8.6 12.9 7.9
30 to
34. 4,854 3,538 4,526 3,812
748 8.8 7.5
11.5 9.4 6.6
35 to
39. 3,386 3,267 3,440 2,850
621 6.1 6.9
8.8 7.0 5.5
40 to
44. 2,650 3,038 2,172 1,859
504 4.8 6.4
5.5 4.6 4.5
45 to
49. 2,171 2,192 1,684 1,380
402 3.9 4.6
4.3 3.4 3.6
50 to
54. 2,238 1,334 1,036 793
300 4.0 2.8
2.6 2.0 2.7
55 to
59. 1,634 1,015 642
482 231 3.0
2.1 1.6 1.2
2.0
60 to
64. 1,008 577 367 243
199 1.8 1.2
.9 .6 1.8
65 to
69. 729 324 223 157
119 1.3 .7
.6 .4 1.1
70 to
74. 392 160 117 84
83 .7 .3 .3 .2
.7
75 +
.... 284 180 146 98
71 .5 .4
.4 .2 .6
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
Ā
U UĀ
The female population on Guam has
not seen the tremendous fluctuations
the
male age distribution experienced (Table 2.7).
Some of this anomaly in
the 15
to 29 years old females in the 1950 census can be attributed to wives
who
accompanied their husbands for military duty on island.
The increase in percentage of females in
the 0 to 4 age group between
1940
and 1950 (from 16 to 19 percent) probably reflects real growth in this
age
group, and, if the military were excluded from the male distribution,
males
also would probably exhibit the same pattern.
The late 1940s saw the
beginning
of the baby boom on Guam as elsewhere, so that the high rates of 0
to 4
years olds in 1950 and 1960 reflect this higher fertility; almost 1 in
every 5
females in those two censuses were less than 5 years old. After the
1960
census, the percentage of these females decreased, partly as a result
of the
baby bust, and partly because of increased migration of aliens and
persons
from the States (including increased numbers of female military
personnel).
The proportion of female elderly has
remained low, but, once again,
this
may change as the general population ages.
Ā U
UĀTable 2.7. Females by Age and Sex: 1940 to 1980
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numbers Percent
------------------------------------
-----------------------------
Age
Group 1980 1970 1960 1950
1940 1980 1970
1960 1950 1940
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fmles. 50,658 37,634 27,833 19,013
10,990 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to
4. 6,382 5,673
5,210 3,683 1,801
12.6 15.1 18.7
19.4 16.4
5 to
9. 6,174 5,708
4,571 2,167 1,527
12.2 15.2 16.4
11.4 13.9
10 to
14. 5,503 4,942 3,569 1,955
1,364 10.9 13.1
12.8 10.3 12.4
15 to
19. 5,144 3,901 1,941 1,579
1,136 10.2 10.4
7.0 8.3 10.3
20 to
24. 5,089 3,628 2,217 1,765
985 10.0 9.6
8.0 9.3 9.0
25 to
29. 5,130 2,837 2,186 2,044
822 10.1 7.5
7.9 10.8 7.5
30 to
34. 4,435 2,633 2,091 1,640
707 8.8 7.0
7.5 8.6 6.4
35 to
39. 2,860 2,207 1,711 1,194
582 5.6 5.9
6.1 6.3 5.3
40 to
44. 2,399 1,754 1,231 902
442 4.7 4.7
4.4 4.7 4.0
45 to
49. 2,018 1,338 947 634
410 4.0 3.6
3.4 3.3 3.7
50 to
54. 1,745 971 700 423
299 3.4 2.6
2.5 2.2 2.7
55 to
59. 1,280 733 529 328
270 2.5 1.9
1.9 1.7 2.5
60 to
64. 919 493 328 240
236 1.8 1.3
1.2 1.3 2.1
65 to
69. 689 365 255 189
172 1.4 1.0
.9 1.0 1.6
70 to
74. 417 191 154 120
127 .8 .5
.6 .6 1.2
75 +
.... 474 260 193 150
103 .9 .7
.7 .8 .9
___________________________________________________________________________
Source:
U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports
Ā
U UĀË
ËĀ UGĀÃ'ÃFigure 2.3 Age and Sex Distribution: 1940
ÜÜ
Ã'ÃFigure
2.4 Age and Sex Distribution: 1950
Ã'ÃFigure
2.5 Age and Sex Distribution: 1960
ÜÜ
Ã'ÃFigure
2.6 Age and Sex Distribution: 1970
Ã'ÃFigure
2.7 Age and Sex Distribution: 1980
ÜÜ
Ë
ËĀG UĀSEX RATIO
As noted earlier, the number of males per
100 females increased from
103 to
213 between 1940 and 1950 because of the influx of military
personnel,
and then decreased first to 141 in 1960, then to 126 in 1970, and
109 in
1980 (Table 2.8 and Figure 2.8). As
would be expected, the
proportions
for young ages were closer to even numbers of males and females
(although
we do not expect a figure of 100, because, world-wide, there are
about
106 males born for every 100 females).
The coming of the military to Guam also
affected the proportion of
males
and females in the military ages. In
1950, for example, there were
354
males for every 100 females aged 15 to 19, 545 males per 100 females
aged 20
to 24, 256 for those 25 to 29, with diminishing proportions after
that. As time has gone by, these proportions have
decreased, but in some
ages
have remained high, especially compared with similar populations in the
States
and elsewhere. By 1960, only 20 to 24 and
30 to 39 year olds had
more
than 2 males for each female, and none of the age groups in 1960 had
this
disparity (although there were 183 males 20 to 24 years old for every
100
females in that age group).
There were more females than males 65
years and over (except for those
65 to
69 in 1980) for each of the censuses, showing increased male mortality
in the
older age groups.
Ā U
UĀTable 2.8. Males per 100 Females by Age: 1940 to 1980