After 1694, when Quiroga became Governor, the inhabitants of all the Mariana Islands were moved to Guam or Saipan, except for a few natives who hid out on Rota to escape resettlement. Natives of Tinian Island were finally defeated on Agrigan and moved to Saipan in 1695. A final resettlement took place when Chamorros residing on Saipan were removed to Guam in 1698, leaving only Guam and Rota occupied at the beginning of the 18th century (Underwood, 1973:17, cites Safford, 1901, 1903; Corte, 1870, Fritz 1904).

"On Guam, a native population in the throes of resettlement, having suffered a series of damaging typhoons in 1670 (Ibanez 1886), in 1671 (Corte 1870; Thompson 1946, 1947; Reed 1952) and in 1693 (Thompson 1945; Reed 1952), and engaging in a series of rebellions, would expectably be peculiarly susceptible to disease, whether of introduced or native origins. That population decline began well before the date of the first Spanish census in 1710 seems evident, but the decrease had certainly not proceeded to the level of from 100 to 400 indicated by Dampier, after his visit in 1686, and recorded by Haswell (1917), Safford (1901), and Reed (1952)" (Underwood, 1973:18).

The data in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 show the change in composition of the population on Guam and Rota combined from 1710, the first Spanish census, through 1830. Rota could not be disaggregated from Guam in these tabulations; only a few hundred persons were living on Rota during this period. Immigrants, particularly Filipinos, continued to come to the Mariana Islands throughout the period, but since the censuses seem to classify persons in different ways, the population flows cannot be traced very well. The number of pure Chamorros decreased during the 1700s, and then started a very gradual increase during the early 1800s. While the Native population declined steadily, reaching its lowest point in 1786, the "mestizo" population (the progeny of matings between natives and Spanish, Filipino, and other foreigners) grew during the period.

Table 1.1 Ethnic Distribution: 1710 to 1830

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Spanish/ Fili‑ Offcls/

Date Total Natives Mixed Mestizo pinos Troops Others

1830 6,490 2,652 1,007 5 2,612 70 143

1829 6,480 2,697 1,006 5 2,557 79 136

1828 6,448 2,792 970 2 2,466 78 140

1825 5,901 2,683 3,218 0 0 0 0

1816 5,389 2,559 0 1,109 1,484 147 90

1802 4,149 2,151 0 676 1,156 139 27

1801 4,244 2,142 0 657 1,274 140 31

1800 4,060 2,108 0 542 1,234 139 37

1799 4,001 2,074 0 591 1,164 142 30

1795 3,500 1,894 0 537 898 147 24

1793 3,584 1,766 0 961 710 147 0

1710 3,614 3,143 0 471 0 0 0

_______________________________________________________________________

Notes: Mestizos excluded from Spanish category 1828 to 1830; for 1828

to 1830 census reports, "other" includes English, French,

Mulattos, Malayans, and Pacific Islanders.

Source: Karolle 1978:46‑47 (Karolle cites Underwood 1976: 206, Carano

1964: 199, 323‑324, Statistical Abstract: Guam 1975: 2.

The percent native also fluctuated quite a bit during the period, again, attributable to the classification systems used in the various censuses (Table 1.2). The proportion of Filipinos in the population increased between 1710 and 1801, then remained at about 30 percent for several years. These Filipinos were mainly workers brought from the Philippines to serve the Spanish.

Table 1.2 Percent Ethnic Distribution: 1710 to 1830

Spanish/ Fili‑ Offcls/

Date Total Natives Mixed Mestizo pinos Troops Others

1830 100.0 40.9 15.5 .1 40.2 1.1 2.2

1829 100.0 41.6 15.5 .1 39.5 1.2 2.1

1828 100.0 43.3 15.0 .0 38.2 1.2 2.2

1825 100.0 45.5 54.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1816 100.0 47.5 0.0 20.6 27.5 2.7 1.7

1802 100.0 51.8 0.0 16.3 27.9 3.4 .7

1801 100.0 50.5 0.0 15.5 30.0 3.3 .7

1800 100.0 51.9 0.0 13.3 30.4 3.4 .9

1799 100.0 51.8 0.0 14.8 29.1 3.5 .8

1797 100.0 37.2 0.0 20.4 0.0 4.8 37.6

1795 100.0 54.1 0.0 15.3 25.7 4.2 .7

1793 100.0 49.3 0.0 26.8 19.8 4.1 0.0

1710 100.0 87.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

________________________________________________________________________

Notes: See Notes to Table 1.1

Source: Karolle 1978:46‑47 (Karolle cites Underwood 1976: 206, Carano

1964: 199, 323‑324, Statistical Abstract: Guam 1975: 2.

Between 1800 and about 1856, the population nearly tripled, reaching more than 8,000 before a devastating smallpox epidemic in 1856 reduced the number by about half (Table 1.3). For the rest of the century the population gradually recovered, although a large part of this latter increase was due to migration of Carolinians, brought as a part of a Spanish policy of repopulating the Marianas. Also, a number of people migrated from the Philippines.

The rate of natural growth must have been very high, because epidemics continued, and yet the population increased. Safford (1901) has noted that an epidemic killed 194 persons on Guam in January, 1849. An epidemic of whooping cough reportedly resulted in the deaths of at least 200 children in 1855 (Fritz 1904). And two epidemics swept through the survivors of the smallpox epidemic in 1856 ‑ a measles epidemic in which at least 50 died in 1861, while another epidemic of whooping cough caused the deaths of 100 children in Agana, alone, in 1898 (Fritz 1904 from Underwood, 1973:23).

"Prior to the time of the decimating smallpox epidemic in 1856, immigration to the Mariana Islands had been minimal, especially in contrast to the rate of population movement into the area which took place after that date. A small Carolinian colony was established on Guam in 1816... This nucleus of Carolinian settlement was augmented somewhat following the great earthquake and tidal wave which apparently hit many Carolinian islands, as well as Guam, in 1849, leading survivors of the calamity to flee their ravaged atoll homes and seek refuge elsewhere in Micronesia...the Mariana Islands were not used extensively as a penal colony prior to the 1870s" (Underwood 1973:23).

Table 1.3 Population by Village and Region: 1831 to 1897

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Village 1897 1891 1886 1872 1871 1849 1832 1831

Guam...................8,698 8,369 8,144 6,248 6,276 7,940 6,310 6,049

North.......................6,324 6,153 5,949 4,972 5,251 6,452 5,065 4,831

Agana.....................5,198 (NA) 4,959 (NA) (NA) 5,620 4,362 4,137

Other North...............1,126 (NA) 990 (NA) (NA) 832 703 694

Anigua.................. (NA) (NA) 169 (NA) (NA) 217 246 234

Asan.................... (NA) (NA) 252 (NA) (NA) 190 155 158

Tepungan................ (NA) (NA) 234 (NA) (NA) 73 57 56

Sinajana................ (NA) (NA) 142 (NA) (NA) 250 177 172

Maria Cristina.......... (NA) (NA) 193 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Mongmong................ (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 102 68 74

South.......................2,374 2,243 2,195 1,276 1,025 1,488 1,245 1,218

Agat‑Sumay................1,325 1,151 1,141 641 553 287 218 222

Umatac‑Merizo............. 788 679 664 379 316 582 539 501

Umatac.................. (NA) (NA) 225 (NA) 127 224 220 206

Merizo.................. (NA) (NA) 439 (NA) 189 358 319 295

Inarajan.................. 261 413 390 256 156 346 244 246

Pago...................... (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 273 244 249

__________ ________________________________________________________________

Source: Underwood 1973:27; 1831 and 1832 from Safford (1901); 1849 from Cox

(1917); 1871 from Corte (1875); 1872 from Ibanez (1886); 1886 from

Noticias (1886); 1891 from Resumen (1891), 1897 Census.

The number and the variety of the immigrants increased after 1856. As many as 63 Chinese laborers arrived from Manila aboard the Spanish vessel Denia in 1858 (Safford 1901); and an additional 39 Chinese may have arrived during the 1860s (Fritz 1904). About 35 Japanese agricultural laborers arrived in the Mariana Islands in 1867.

Between 1865 and 1869, over 1,000 Carolinians came to the Mariana Islands, in part to develop the copra industry in the area. An earlier complement of some 600 Carolinians were brought to Guam on labor contracts about 1861 (Beers, 1954), and by 1868, when an additional 95 Carolinians were brought to Guam, a total of 430 Carolinians were listed as resident in the community around what is now Tamuning (Ibanez 1886).

Table 1.3 and 1.4 show village distributions during the 1800s. Since the various sources did not collect data in comparable manners, Underwood (1973) made broad categories which are repeated here.

The population of Guam increased until the 1856 epidemic, and then decreased suddenly. There were also shifts between the North and the South, with increased percentages living in the North until 1871, and then a drifting away from the North to the Southern villages. Immigration could explain some of these differences, of course, particularly the movements of the large numbers of Carolinians. The Agana area continued to have the majority of the population throughout the period.

Table 1.4. Percent Population by Village and Region: 1831 to 1897

Village 1897 1891 1886 1872 1871 1849 1832 1831

Guam.................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

North...................... 72.7 73.3 73.0 79.6 83.7 81.3 80.3 79.9

Agana.................... 59.8 NA 60.9 NA NA 70.8 69.1 68.4

Other North.............. 12.9 NA 12.2 NA NA 10.5 11.1 11.5

Anigua................. NA NA 2.1 NA NA 2.7 3.9 3.9

Asan................... NA NA 3.1 NA NA 2.4 2.5 2.6

Tepungan............... NA NA 2.9 NA NA .9 .9 .9

Sinajana............... NA NA 1.7 NA NA 3.1 2.8 2.8

Maria Cristina......... NA NA 2.4 NA NA NA NA NA

Mongmong............... 1.2 1.1 1.3 NA NA 1.3 1.1 1.2

South...................... 27.3 26.7 27.0 20.4 16.3 18.7 19.7 20.1

Agat‑Sumay............... 15.2 13.7 14.0 10.3 8.8 3.6 3.5 3.7

Umatac‑Merizo............ 9.1 8.1 8.2 6.1 5.0 7.3 8.5 8.3

Umatac................. NA NA 2.8 NA 2.0 2.8 3.5 3.4

Merizo................. NA NA 5.4 NA 3.0 4.5 5.1 4.9

Inarajan................. 3.0 4.9 4.8 4.1 3.9 4.4 3.9 4.1

Pago..................... NA NA NA NA NA 3.4 3.9 4.1

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: Underwood 1973: 27; 1831 and 1832 from Safford (1901); 1849 from

Cox (1917); 1871 from Corte (1875); 1872 from Ibanez (1886);

1886 from Noticias (1886); 1891 from Resumen (1891), 1897 Census

The first full census which was tabulated by age and sex as well as some other characteristics was taken in 1897 (Table 1.5 and Figure 1.1). The results of the census show a slight surplus of females, and a generally youthful population; the median age for Chamorros on Guam was 21.0 years, with 19.9 for males and 21.9 for females. In her work, Underwood (1987) compared the census results with other data she collected, and adjusted the 1897 census counts to make them more accurate. Her adjusted census distributions are also shown in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5. Population by Age and Sex: 1897

Spanish Census Adjusted by Use of Vital Records

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Age Group Total Males Females Total Males Females

Total.. 8,698 4,137 4,561 9,353 4,409 4,944

Perc. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0 to 4 14.8 15.6 14.0 15.2 15.9 14.5

5 to 9 12.8 14.2 11.5 12.8 14.1 11.6

10 to 14 10.3 10.6 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.1

15 to 19 10.0 9.8 10.1 9.8 9.6 10.1

20 to 24 10.8 10.3 11.2 10.8 10.5 11.0

25 to 29 9.6 9.2 10.0 9.6 9.3 9.9

30 to 34 7.6 7.4 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.6

35 to 39 4.9 5.2 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0

40 to 44 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5

45 to 49 3.6 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.1 4.1

50 to 54 3.6 2.9 4.3 3.6 3.1 4.1

55 to 59 3.0 2.5 3.4 3.0 2.7 3.3

60 to 64 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7

65 to 69 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.4

70 to 74 .8 .9 .8 .9 1.0 .8

75 + .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4

Unknown .1 .1 .1 ... ... ...

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: Underwood, 1987: 14‑15

Figure 1.1 Age and Sex Distribution: 1897

The census results for 1897 by village show that the South was more youthful than the North (Table 1.6). The median ages of the Southern villages were anywhere from 1 to 2 years lower than those for the Northern villages: 18.6 for Merizo, 19.1 for Agat, and 19.9 for Inarajan, compared to 21.7 for Agana and 21.9 for Agana‑Adjacent.

Table 1.6. Population of Villages by Age: 1897

Age Group Total Agana Agana‑Adj Agat Merizo Inarajan

Total. 8,698 5,198 1,126 1,325 788 261

Perc. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0 to 4 14.8 13.7 13.5 17.4 18.3 18.4

5 to 9 12.8 12.7 11.9 14.5 11.2 13.8

10 to 14 10.3 10.0 10.9 10.3 11.8 8.8

15 to 19 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.4 11.9 9.2

20 to 24 10.8 10.8 10.9 9.8 12.1 11.1

25 to 29 9.6 9.0 10.1 11.4 9.5 10.3

30 to 34 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.8 6.5 6.5

35 to 39 4.9 5.0 5.3 4.5 4.6 4.2

40 to 44 3.4 3.8 3.1 2.5 2.8 3.1

45 to 49 3.6 4.0 4.3 2.4 1.3 3.8

50 to 54 3.6 3.9 5.0 2.8 2.4 1.5

55 to 59 3.0 3.2 2.0 2.7 2.7 5.0

60 to 64 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.0 3.8 1.1

65 to 69 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.3 .8 .8

70 to 74 .8 1.1 .4 .8 .3 .4

75 + .4 .5 .4 .4 .1 .8

Unknown .1 .1 .1 0.0 .1 1.1

Median 21.0 21.7 21.9 19.1 18.6 19.9

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: Underwood, 1973: 28

There were 91 males for every 100 females on Guam in 1897 (Table 1.7). Except for the youngest ages, and the 35 to 39 years olds, there tended to be more females than males at each of the age groups. The other important exception occurred for persons 65 years and over in which the males predominated, especially in the village of Merizo; it is unclear whether this is a case of age‑misreporting or real.

Table 1.7. Males per 100 Females by Age: 1897

Age Group Total Agana Agana‑Adj Agat Merizo Inarajan

Total 90.7 91.6 85.8 90.9 89.9 96.2

0 to 4 100.8 108.8 108.2 90.9 80.0 84.6

5 to 9 111.6 111.9 112.7 111.0 109.5 111.8

10 to 14 95.9 108.0 61.8 78.9 111.4 109.1

15 to 19 87.9 91.4 96.4 89.4 56.7 118.2

20 to 24 83.2 75.3 86.4 97.0 115.9 81.2

25 to 29 84.0 78.0 90.0 101.3 70.5 125.0

30 to 34 86.5 86.2 73.5 63.5 168.4 183.3

35 to 39 100.9 103.1 114.3 96.7 80.0 83.3

40 to 44 84.3 97.0 59.1 57.1 100.0 33.3

45 to 49 68.9 63.3 65.5 113.3 100.0 66.7

50 to 54 60.1 64.8 51.4 42.3 90.0 33.3

55 to 59 67.7 63.7 64.3 100.0 61.5 62.5

60 to 64 94.4 105.5 93.8 92.9 50.0 200.0

65 to 69 104.5 107.3 66.7 112.5 500.0 100.0

70 to 74 108.6 96.4 100.0 266.7 100.0 0.0

75 + 116.7 80.0 300.0 400.0 ... 100.0

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: Underwood, 1973: 28

AMERICAN PERIOD

At the end of the Spanish‑American War, Guam became a territory of the United States. Censuses were taken by the Naval governor in 1901 and 1910. Guam was not included in the decennial census until 1920.

In working with her reconstructed data set, Underwood produced an estimated census for 1918, just prior to the flu epidemic which killed many people on Guam (Table 1.8 and Figure 1.2). By 1918, according to her figures, there were still more females than males, but the population had grown considerably, partly because of increased medical attention provided by the U.S. Naval Administration. The population remained youthful, with the median age for the total being 18.5 years: 17.4 years for males and 19.4 years for females.

Table 1.8. Estimated Population by Age and Sex: 1918

Numbers Percent

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Age Group Total Males Females Total Males Females

Total........... 15,000 7,134 7,866 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under 5 years........ 2,216 1,112 1,104 14.8 15.6 14.0

5 to 9 years......... 1,915 1,010 905 12.8 14.2 11.5

10 to 14 years....... 1,547 757 790 10.3 10.6 10.0

15 to 19 years....... 1,494 699 795 10.0 9.8 10.1

20 to 24 years....... 1,618 735 883 10.8 10.3 11.2

25 to 29 years....... 1,444 659 785 9.6 9.2 10.0

30 to 34 years....... 1,141 529 612 7.6 7.4 7.8

35 to 39 years....... 735 369 366 4.9 5.2 4.7

40 to 44 years....... 506 231 275 3.4 3.2 3.5

45 to 49 years....... 533 218 315 3.6 3.1 4.0

50 to 54 years....... 546 205 341 3.6 2.9 4.3

55 to 59 years....... 448 181 267 3.0 2.5 3.4

60 to 64 years....... 416 202 214 2.8 2.8 2.7

65 to 69 years....... 233 119 114 1.6 1.7 1.4

70 to 74 years....... 127 66 61 .8 .9 .8

75 years and over.... 67 36 31 .4 .5 .4

Unknown.............. 14 6 8 .1 .1 .1

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: Underwood 1983: 3

Figure 1.2 Age and Sex Distribution: 1918

The population increased from under 10,000 when the U.S. Naval Administration began, to almost 15,000 in 1920. Guam has been included in each of the succeeding decennial censuses after 1920, although with a different questionnaire from that used Stateside, and with different processing.

The percentage of natives (meaning Chamorro) decreased from almost 100 percent to 91 percent in 1930, partly because of the varying numbers of naval personnel on island. There were very few other immigrants (unless these were included in the "native" totals). As we will see in later chapters, the proportions changed drastically after World War II when Guam suddenly became strategically important.

Table 1.9. Population by Ethnicity: 1901 to 1940

Ethnicity 1940 1935 1930 1925 1920 1915 1910 1901

Total......... 23,067 20,899 19,139 16,648 14,724 13,689 11,953 9,676

Percent..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Natives............ 93.2 93.1 91.1 91.6 93.0 94.7 97.2 99.5

Non‑natives........ 6.8 6.9 8.9 8.4 7.0 5.3 2.8 0.5

Naval personnel.. 3.4 3.3 5.0 5.2 3.2 (NA) 1.0 0.0

Others........... 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.3 3.7 (NA) 1.8 0.5

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: Thompson 1941:32; Thompson cites Annual Reports of the Governor

of Guam.

THE DECENNIAL CENSUSES ‑ 1920 TO 1970

Beginning in 1920, Guam was included in the population part of the Decennial Census and in 1960 for the Housing census. In the later chapters we will include comparable data from those censuses whenever appropriate in an effort to show population and housing trends over time.

THE 1980 DECENNIAL CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING

The 1980 decennial census was conducted in conjunction with the 1980 census of the United States. The questionnaire was developed at the Census Bureau but was reviewed by participants from the Pacific Islands areas in May, 1979, at a Pacific‑areas conference in Honolulu.

The questionnaire was similar to that used in the States, and was modified to account for different conditions on Guam. Unlike in the States, all housing data was collected for all housing units, and all persons responded to all questions. Also, the census was collected through direct interview. Enumerators visited and listed every housing unit, asking the questions as worded in the questionnaire (or translating into the native language, if necessary), and recording the answers. A single questionnaire was used, which contained all the questions asked of every person and household.

Special questionnaires were used for the enumeration of persons in group quarters such as the hospital, the prison, dormitories at the University of Guam, etc. These forms contained the same population questions that appeared on the regular questionnaire but did not include any housing questions.

Responses were determined by the questionnaire and the instructions given to the enumerator; these instructions had been adapted from instructions used Stateside, but were modified to account for the differences on Guam from those found in the States. The definitions and explanations for each subject are included in the discussions of these subjects in the later chapters of this monograph, and are drawn largely from various technical materials and procedures used in the data collection.

Facsimiles of the questionnaire pages containing the population and housing questions used to produce this report are presented in Appendix A.

GENERAL ENUMERATION PROCEDURES

Usual Place of Residence. In accordance with census practice, each person enumerated in the 1980 census was counted as an inhabitant of his or her "usual place of residence", which was generally construed to mean the place where the person lived and slept most of the time. This place was not necessarily the same as the person's legal residence or voting residence. In the vast majority of cases, however, the use of these different bases of classification would produce substantially the same statistics, although there might be appreciable differences for a few areas.

The implementation of this practice resulted in the establishment of residence rules for certain categories of persons whose usual place of residence was not immediately apparent. Therefore, persons were not always counted as residents of the place where they happened to be staying on Census Day. Persons without a usual place of residence, or persons with no one at their usual place of residence to report them to a census taker, however, were counted where they happened to be staying.

U.S. Armed Forces. Members of the United States Armed Forces living on a military installation were counted, as in previous censuses, as residents of the area in which the installation was located; members of the U.S. Armed Forces not living on a military installation were counted as residents of the areas in which they were living. Persons in families with U.S. Armed Forces personnel were counted where they were living on Census Day (i.e., the military installation or "off base", as the case might be).

Each U.S. Navy ship was attributed to the geographic area that the Department of the Navy designated as its homeport.

Crews of Merchant Vessels were enumerated at the port where they were berthed (if they were berthed), excluding those not flying a U.S. flag.

Persons away at school, if college students, were counted as residents of the area in which they were living while attending college. However, children in boarding schools below the college level were counted at their parental home.

Persons at institutions were counted as residents of the area where the institution was located. Patients in short‑term wards of general hospitals were counted at their usual place of residence; if they had no usual place of residence or there was no one at their usual place of residence to report them, they were counted at the hospital.

Persons away from their residence on Census Day at hotels, motels, etc., on the night of March 31, 1980, having their usual home on Guam and who indicated that no one was at home to report them in the census would be enumerated as residents of the hotel, motel, etc. Information on persons away from their usual place of residence who indicated that someone was at home to report them was obtained from other members of their families, resident managers, neighbors, etc. If an entire household was away during the whole period of the enumeration, information on that household was obtained from neighbors.

Residents Abroad. Residents who were abroad for an extended period (in the U.S. Armed Forces, working at civilian jobs, studying at universities outside Guam, etc.) were not included in the population of Guam. On the other hand, residents who were temporarily abroad on vacations, business trips, and the like, were counted at their usual residence on Guam.

Persons from Other Areas having their usual residence (legally or illegally) on Guam on Census Day, including those working here and those attending school (but not living at a chancellery or consulate), were included in the enumeration, as were members of their families with them, regardless of citizenship. However, persons from other areas, temporarily visiting or traveling on Guam, were not enumerated in the 1980 census.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

The 1980 Census of Guam was conducted through direct interview. Beginning on Census Day, April 1, 1980, enumerators visited and listed every household asking the questions as worded on the questionnaire, and recording the answers. A single questionnaire was used, which contained all the questions asked of every person and household.

Special questionnaires were used for the enumeration of persons in group quarters such as colleges and universities, hospitals, and prisons. These forms contained the same population questions that appeared on the regular questionnaire but did not include any housing questions.

PROCESSING PROCEDURES

The 1980 census questionnaires were processed in a manner similar to that for the 1970 census. They were designed to be processed electronically by the Film Optical Sensing Device for Input into Computer (FOSDIC). For most items on the questionnaire, the information obtained by the enumerator was recorded by marking the answers in the predesignated positions that would be "read" by FOSDIC from a microfilm copy of the questionnaire and transferred onto computer tape with no intervening manual processing. The computer tape excluded information on individual names and addresses.

The tape containing the information from the questionnaires was processed on the Census Bureau's computers through a number of editing and tabulating steps. Among the products of this operation were computer tapes from which the tables in the reports were prepared on phototypesetting equipment at the Government Printing Office.

SOURCES OF ERROR

Since the 1980 population and housing data for Guam were tabulated from entries for all persons and housing units on all questionnaires, these data were not subject to sampling error. In any large‑scale statistical operation such as a decennial census, however, human and mechanical errors occur. These errors are commonly referred to as nonsampling errors. Such errors include failure to enumerate every housing unit or person in the population, not obtaining all required information from respondents, obtaining incorrect or inconsistent information, and recording information incorrectly. Errors can also occur during the field review of the enumerator's work, the clerical handling of the census questionnaires, or the electronic processing of the questionnaires. Quality control and review measures were used throughout the data collection and processing phases of the 1980 census to minimize undercoverage of the population and housing units and to keep errors at a minimum.

EDITING OF UNACCEPTABLE DATA

The objective of the processing operation was to produce a set of statistics that described the population and housing as accurately and clearly as possible.

In the field, questionnaires were reviewed for omissions and certain inconsistencies by a census clerk or an enumerator and, if necessary, a followup was made to obtain missing information. In addition, a similar review of questionnaires was done in the central processing office. As a rule, however, editing was performed by hand only when it could not be done effectively by machine.

There are two means by which incomplete or inconsistent data on the questionnaires were corrected during the editing process: allocation and substitution. Allocations or assignments of acceptable codes in place of unacceptable entries, were needed most often when there was no entry for a given item or when the information reported for a person on that item was inconsistent with other information for the person. As in previous censuses, the general procedure for changing unacceptable entries was to assign an entry for a person that was consistent with entries for other persons with similar characteristics. The assignment of acceptable codes in place of blanks or unacceptable entries enhanced the usefulness of the data. The allocation technique for unknown age illustrates the process:

1. The computer stored ages of persons by selected characteristics, including sex, relationship, marital status, and characteristics of other household members.

2. Each stored age was retained in the computer only until a succeeding person having the same set of characteristics and having age reported was processed through the computer during the electronic edit operation. Then the reported age entry of the succeeding person was stored in place of the one previously stored.

3. When the age of the person was not reported, or the entry was unacceptable, the age assigned to this person was that which was stored for the last person who otherwise had the same set of characteristics.

The 1980 census data on the economic questions such as industry, occupation, class of worker, work experience, and income were processed using an allocation system which assigned values to missing entries in these questions, as necessary, from a single respondent with similar socioeconomic characteristics.

Three population and two housing reports were published after the 1980 census. These were:

PC80‑1‑A54 Number of Inhabitants

PC80‑1‑B54 General Population Characteristics

PC80‑1‑C/D54 Detailed Social and Economic Characteristics

HC80‑1‑A54 General Housing Characteristics

HC80‑1‑B54 Detailed Housing Characteristics

In addition to the printed reports, results of the 1980 census also were provided on computer tape in the form of summary tape files (STFs). These data products were designed to provide statistics with greater subject and geographic detail than was feasible or desirable to provide in printed reports. The STF data were made available at nominal cost. Because of likelihood of incompatible computer systems, the STF data were also provided on microfiche. Recently, the data have also been provided on floppy diskettes which can be read on IBM‑PC compatible equipment.

STF 1 provides population and housing data summarized for Guam as a whole, for election districts, for census designated places (villages), and for enumeration districts. The data include those shown in PC80‑1‑A54, PC80‑1‑B54, and HC80‑1‑A54. STF 3 contains data on various population and housing subjects such as education, employment, and income. The areas covered are the same as STF 1.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

The geographic distribution of Guam's inhabitants has been transformed since pre‑contact times, when the Chamorro population lived in small hamlets located both along the coast and in the interior. Early historical accounts relate that along the coast, these hamlets consisted of approximately 50 to 150 huts, while the interior hamlets were smaller, of from 6 to 20 huts (Carano and Sanchez, 1964). By 1681, the Spanish‑Chamorro wars had resulted in the destruction of the smaller villages and the forced relocation of the native people into a few large villages, where the Spanish could control the population.

The Spanish established the government in Agana because of its long history as the political and cultural center of Guam. In order to facilitate the affairs of government outside Agana, Spanish authorities divided Guam into municipalities. Each municipality consisted of several villages or pueblos and was under the charge of a native magistrate called a "gobernadorcillo" ("little governor"). This system of municipal government continued under the American authorities after 1898. The gobernadorcillo was renamed as commissioner, and a deputy commissioner position was instituted to assist the commissioner.

Municipalities thus became the primary divisions of Guam for census reporting. By the 1920 Census, Guam had 8 separate municipalities, as shown in Figure 1.3. These municipalities were Agana, Asan, Piti, Sumay, Yona, Agat, Inarajan and Merizo. U.S. naval station personnel were not counted as residents of Guam, but were included in the continental United States. The 1920 census report shows population data for each municipality and for rural sections outside of Agana City.

The reporting of 1930 census data was similar to that of 1920 except that, in 1930, persons on naval reservations, including U.S. ships stationed on Guam, were counted as residents of Guam. These results were not included in the population of any municipality, but were compiled separately. A greater portion of this naval population should, according to the 1930 census report, have been assigned to the city of Agana, but the exact location of these reservations could not be determined from the information given by the enumerators on the census schedules.

Substantial reorganization of the municipalities occurred in 1931 in preparation for Guam's first elected Congress and first elected commissioner system. Executive Order 53 set forth the divisions of the old municipality of Agana into the municipalities of Agana, Barrigada, Dededo, and Yigo, and further subdivided the municipality of Barrigada into Barrigada and Sinajana districts, and Dededo into Dededo and Machanao districts. In addition, Merizo was subdivided into Merizo and Umatac districts, and Inarajan was subdivided into Inarajan and Talofofo districts. Reorganization thus created 7 new municipalities and districts for a total of 15 (See Figure 1.4).

The Second Guam Congress was the first elected Congress in the Territory, with the population counts of the 1930 census used for apportionment.

The 1940 census presented total counts for all 15 municipalities and districts, as well as for over 100 towns, barrios and districts within the municipalities. Military personnel were included within the municipality, district, or town where the military facility was located, and U.S. naval ships were listed separately as a portion of Sumay. During World War II, most of the towns and cities (including Agana city) were totally destroyed or severely damaged. In the reconstruction process, many of the communities were relocated and the division of municipalities into barrios was abandoned. There was also some reorganization of the municipalities of Agana and Sinajana in 1947, as part of Agana was annexed to Sinajana (Figure 1.5).

The 1950 census reported data for the 15 municipalities existing in 1940 and for 20 villages or cities existing as minor subdivisions within the municipalities. For the first time, census reports made no mention of the presence of military quarters, even though Guam's population had more than doubled between 1940 and 1950, almost exclusively as the result of post‑war military activities.

One of the provisions of the Organic Act of 1950 caused the organization, authority, and responsibilities of the commissioner system to continue to follow the pattern outlined in Guam Congress Bill No. 16, passed in 1948. However, between 1950 and 1960, Guam's municipalities again underwent extensive reorganization. A local law was enacted to establish the election district boundaries for the purpose of electing the district commissioners, creating 6 new districts and eliminating 2.

Figure 1.3 Guam, 1920 and 1930

Figure 1.4 Guam 1940

Figure 1.5 Guam, 1950

Figure 1.6 Guam, 1960

Figure 1.7 Guam, 1970

Figure 1.8 Guam, 1980

The 1960 census results were for 19 election districts (Figure 1.6). These districts included the 6 newly created municipalities of Tamuning, Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite, Mangilao, Chalan Pago‑Ordot, Agana Heights, and Santa Rita. Because Sumay and Machanao were claimed by the military and ceased to require elected representation by commissioner, they were incorporated into the boundaries of other districts. Sumay was annexed into Santa Rita, and Machanao into Dededo and Yigo. 1970 and 1980 election district boundaries remained the same as the boundaries used in 1960, so census data for those three periods are comparable (Figures 1.7 and 1.8).

Beginning in 1960, the Census Bureau began using a new term, that of "Place", and later "Census Designated Place" to define generally closely settled centers of population without corporate limits. A Place with a population of 2,500 or more is considered urban, and the remaining areas are rural. Places in 1960, 1970, and 1980 are comparable; in 1980, new Places were added in addition to the ones used previously. Although the definition of Place remained the same, the interpretation and application of that definition allowed the addition of military housing areas in 1980 that were not allowed in 1970. Therefore, the expansion of urban areas between 1970 and 1980 was partially the result of including military housing in 1980.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA

Although election district boundaries have been altered considerably between 1920 to 1980, the broad areas of Northern, Central, and Southern Guam have remained intact (See Figures 1.3 through 1.8). For the purpose of data analysis, comparability by geographic area over time can be maintained between 1940 and 1980 within these three broad areas. The major disadvantage to this system is the inclusion in the South of the district of Santa Rita, which contains a single large government quarters area that distorts some of the data. Beginning with 1960, the North consisted of Dededo, Tamuning and Yigo. Central Guam consisted of Agana, Agana Heights, Asan, Barrigada, Chalan Pago/Ordot, Mangilao, Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite, Piti and Sinajana. The South was composed of Agat, Inarajan, Merizo, Santa Rita, Talofofo, Umatac and Yona.

Prior to World War II, 63 percent of the population was concentrated in Central Guam, primarily in the capital city of Agana; 29 percent lived in the South; and only 8 percent resided in the North. While population increases occurred in each of the three regions between 1940 and 1980, the vast majority of the growth took place in the Northern portion of the island (Table 1.10)

Table 1.10 Distribution by Region on Guam: 1940 to 1980

Numbers Percent

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Region 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

Total.. 105,979 84,996 67,044 59,498 22,290 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

North.... 47,583 32,540 18,752 16,147 1,795 44.9 38.3 28.0 27.1 8.1

Central.. 34,526 31,266 25,479 26,495 13,946 32.6 36.8 38.0 44.5 62.6

South.... 23,870 21,190 22,813 16,856 6,549 22.5 24.9 34.0 28.3 29.4

___________________________________________________________________________

Note: See text for inclusion of election districts in regions.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

The proportion of persons living in the North increased steadily from 8 percent in 1940 to 45 percent in 1980, with the Northern population growing by 45,788 persons over the 40 year period. Central Guam showed substantial and steady population growth during the same period, increasing by 20,580 persons; however, the proportion of the population living there declined from 63 percent to 33 percent. In contrast, Guam's Southern area did not show steady growth during the same period. The population of the South grew by 16,264 persons between 1940 and 1960, declined by 1,623 persons during the 1960s, and recovered 2,680 persons during the 1970s. By 1980, the proportion of persons residing in the South dropped to 23 percent.

One of the causes for these changes in population distribution was the occupation of the island by the Japanese armed forces during World War II and the continued presence of the United States military after Guam's recapture. World War II had a profound impact on the relocation of the civilian population out of established communities and into areas that were either more convenient to the occupying forces or that were safer for the inhabitants. War activities caused certain villages to cease to be inhabited by civilians, including most of Machanao in the North and Sumay in the South. The village of Agana in Central Guam became nearly deserted.

Another cause for the changes in population distribution was Guam's increased strategic value to the United States during and following World War II. In 1944, Guam became the only location in the Western Pacific large enough to hold major U.S. military bases and to be completely under American control when the Philippines gained independence from the United States. As a result, the Navy and Air Force built large military installations on Guam, seizing over one‑third of the island's land and water in the process.

Military personnel and their dependents were concentrated into densely settled areas on and near bases, which were primarily in the Northern and Central portions of the island, without regard to the location of established local communities. Because base areas and government quarters areas targeted by the military government for the development of infrastructure, and also because civil service jobs on bases were available to the civilian community, the Northern and Central portions of the island attracted migration by the resident population and new residents.

The location of military facilities was determined largely by Guam's geography. The flat limestone plateau of the North became the location of Andersen Air Force Base; Guam's natural deep water port became the center of regional Naval activities; and an airport site in Central Guam already under construction by the Japanese became the Naval Air Station and the civilian air terminal. Southern Guam, with its steep central spine of mountains, was unsuitable for most military activities other than a Naval magazine and watershed. These remain vast, but underdeveloped, holdings.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION BY ELECTION DISTRICT

There were considerable variations in population growth between the individual election districts of Guam within the regions. Although the total population of the island increased by almost 25 percent between 1970 and 1980, 3 districts more than doubled in population, while several others lost population. Table 1.11 shows growth of each election district from 1960 to 1980. As mentioned earlier, major changes in election district boundaries between 1930 and 1940 and between 1950 and 1960 make district analysis for those decades impossible.

Table 1.11 Population by Region and Election District: 1960 to 1980

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Number Percent Percent Change

Region ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Election District 1980 1970 1960 1980 1970 1960 70‑80 60‑80

Total..........105,979 84,996 67,044 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.7 58.1

North............... 47,583 32,540 18,752 44.9 38.3 28.0 46.2 153.7

Dededo............ 23,644 10,780 5,126 22.3 12.7 7.6 119.3 361.3

Tamuning.......... 13,580 10,218 5,944 12.8 12.0 8.9 32.9 128.5

Yigo.............. 10,359 11,542 7,682 9.8 13.6 11.5 ‑10.2 34.8

Central............. 34,526 31,266 25,479 32.6 36.8 38.0 10.4 35.5

Agana............. 896 2,119 1,642 .8 2.5 2.4 ‑57.7 ‑45.4

Agana Heights..... 3,284 3,156 3,210 3.1 3.7 4.8 4.1 2.3

Asan.............. 2,034 2,629 3,053 1.9 3.1 4.6 ‑22.6 ‑33.4

Barrigada......... 7,756 6,356 5,430 7.3 7.5 8.1 22.0 42.8

Chalan Pago/Ordot. 3,120 2,931 1,835 2.9 3.4 2.7 6.4 70.0

Mangilao.......... 6,840 3,228 1,965 6.5 3.8 2.9 111.9 248.1

Mong‑Toto‑Maite... 5,245 6,057 3,015 4.9 7.1 4.5 ‑13.4 74.0

Piti.............. 2,866 1,284 1,467 2.7 1.5 2.2 123.2 95.4

Sinajana.......... 2,485 3,506 3,862 2.3 4.1 5.8 ‑29.1 ‑35.7

South............... 23,870 21,190 22,813 22.5 24.9 34.0 12.6 4.6

Agat.............. 3,999 4,308 3,107 3.8 5.1 4.6 ‑7.2 28.7

Inarajan.......... 2,059 1,897 1,730 1.9 2.2 2.6 8.5 19.0

Merizo............ 1,663 1,529 1,398 1.6 1.8 2.1 8.8 19.0

Santa Rita....... 9,183 8,109 12,126 8.7 9.5 18.1 13.2 ‑24.3

Talofofo.......... 2,006 1,935 1,352 1.9 2.3 2.0 3.7 48.4

Umatac............ 732 813 744 .7 1.0 1.1 ‑10.0 ‑1.6

Yona.............. 4,228 2,599 2,356 4.0 3.1 3.5 62.7 79.5

__________________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

The villages with the greatest increases in population between 1970 and 1980 were Dededo, Piti, and Mangilao, and those showing decreases were Yigo, Agana, Asan, Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite, Sinajana, Agat, and Umatac. There were many factors influencing these variations in population growth, although war and post‑war activities were especially significant.

The village of Agana has traditionally been Guam's most important community, possessing a rich history dating back to the pre‑contact era (Sanchez, 1979:9). Its chiefs were the most respected in the Marianas in pre‑contact Guam. The Spanish recognized this and established the seat of government at Agana. The U.S. Navy continued to use Agana as its administrative center when it began its administration of the island.

At the beginning of American administration of Guam, Agana's boundaries actually encompassed all of the Northern and most of the Central portions of Guam. By 1930, Agana contained 11,042 persons. The population was so concentrated in one area that urban Agana contained 8,690 persons in 1930, nearly half the island's population. Agana city's population continued to grow until 1940, when it had a population of 10,004 (Table 1.12)

Table 1.12 Population of Agana City: 1920 to 1980

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Percent

Number of Total

Year Number Change Population

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

1980..... 896 ‑1223 .8

1970..... 2119 477 2.5

1960..... 1642 842 2.5

1950..... 800 ‑9204 1.3

1940..... 10004 1314 44.9

1930..... 8690 1258 47.0

1920..... 7432 ... 56.0

________________________________________________________

Note: The boundaries of Agana City have remained

constant between 1920 and 1980.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

The Japanese occupied Guam from December 10, 1941 until July 1944. Agana was used as their seat of government and their military headquarters; however, forced relocation of the population left the city virtually deserted, with no more than 200 families. The recapture of the island in 1944 was preceded by American bombardment from shipboard artillery for 13 consecutive days prior to Guam's recapture, totally destroying the city.

After Guam's recapture, U.S. military and civilian authorities decided to reestablish the government in Agana. Because of the massive destruction of the city during Guam's recapture, the military government literally bulldozed the remains of the city into the sea, creating a new peninsula of land, and obliterating all remaining streets and property boundary markers.

A new system of streets was laid out in Agana, using a different method of surveying from the Spanish system previously used. Later, in the 1950's, the Government of Guam superimposed still another survey methodology on top of the other two. This resulted in a "fractional lot" problem in Agana that is still being resolved in the 1980's. The depopulation of the city during the war and unresolved property disputes after the war caused the number of persons living in Agana to decline from 10,004 persons in 1940 to just 800 persons in 1950. A portion of its pre‑war population was regained by 1970, but the population declined from 2,119 to 896 persons between 1970 and 1980.

The most dramatic growth occurred in the Northern district of Dededo, growth which began shortly after the liberation in 1944. From a total population of 5,126 in 1960, Dededo's population increased by more than 360 percent during the next 20 years, reaching 23,644 persons in 1980. This striking increase was fueled by in‑migration of Filipinos, Micronesians, Statesiders and other non‑indigenous people. Private residential and apartment construction, as well as business construction, flourished in the area, making it the largest and fastest growing district in the Territory.

The Central, coastal village of Piti experienced the largest percent population increase (123 percent) of any district between 1970 and 1980. However, growth in the civilian, non‑federal lands was 230 persons, or 18 percent between 1970 and 1980. Piti contains part of Apra Harbor, which has been under U.S. Navy control since Guam became a U.S. possession. It was the homeporting of a Navy ship in Apra Harbor between 1970 and 1980, housing 1,352 military personnel, that caused the population of the Piti to double between 1970 and 1980.

The Northern district of Yigo showed population growth during the 1960's, but declined by 10 percent between 1970 and 1980. After most of Machanao's land area became occupied by Andersen Air Force Base immediately after World War II, Machanao was annexed to Yigo. The fluctuations in Yigo's population between 1960 and 1980 have been partially the result of changes in the number of persons living on the base and in government quarters near the base. The beginning and ending of the Vietnam Conflict, a war in which Guam's Air Force personnel played a major role, contributed to the growth of the population in Yigo during the 1960's, and the decreased population during the 1970's. The civilian‑held portion of Yigo actually grew in population by 90 percent (2,506 persons) between 1970 and 1980, while the population on federal lands decreased by 42 percent.

The Central district of Asan was another area losing population between 1960 and 1980, declining by 33 percent during the period. In the late 1970s, continuing into the 1980s, Asan upgraded and modernized its infrastructure and public utilities under a federally‑supported community redevelopment program. Delays to the urban renewal project caused by archaeological findings and funding problems left the project incomplete prior to the 1980 census. In addition to this, part of Asan was designated as a U.S. War in the Pacific National Park. The limited land area left for redevelopment has contributed to the decline in population.

The district of Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite in Central Guam is comprised of three distinct communities. It was established as a single district in 1946. The number of persons living there shrank by 13 percent between 1970 and 1980 solely because of a decline of over 1,600 persons living on federal lands in the community of Mongmong, representing the closure of a Naval Air Station barracks. The civilian, residential portion of the district grew by slightly more than 800 persons, or almost 20 percent.

The population of the Central district of Sinajana decreased by 36 percent between 1960 and 1980. The municipality was first organized in 1930. Following World War II, the population of Sinajana grew tremendously with the construction of some 400 new homes. Population growth continued until the housing in the area became saturated, reaching 3,862 persons by 1960. Sinajana was the first district to be completely upgraded and modernized under a Federal renewal program in the mid 1970s. The urban renewal project resulted in the relocation of some residents to other areas of the island and the elimination of substandard housing lots. The decline in population between 1960 and 1980 is therefore not likely to continue into the future.

Among the Southern districts, Santa Rita contained the greatest number of persons in 1970 and in 1980. More than 63 percent of its population resided in Navy quarters in 1980, however. Most growth in the South between 1970 and 1980 occurred in Yona, where the majority of commercial and residential housing developments were constructed during the decade. The districts of Agat and Umatac decreased in population. Agat contained no military populations and no obvious development constraints; however, it may be that the district experienced out‑migration by the local resident population, while lacking major housing subdivision development to attract new residents. The situation in Umatac has been compounded by the lack of infrastructure development to support new housing subdivisions.

POPULATION ON FEDERALLY OWNED LANDS

The federal government owned and controlled one‑third of Guam's land area in 1980, which has not changed since the end of World War II. Military housing on those areas developed independently of the local economy. Defense requirements, the construction of government quarters in new areas, opening or closing of military barracks, and the decision to homeport U.S. Navy ships on Guam are factors that have determined the number and location of active duty military personnel and their dependents, rather than economic conditions and other factors influencing the number and distribution of the civilian population. Census data are available for the population on federal lands for 1970 and 1980, as shown in Table 1.13 The 1960 census gives data on persons living in housing units on federal lands; however, those living in group quarters are not reported for federal lands.

Table 1.13 Population Distribution by Non‑Federal/Federal Land Status

and by Urban Designation: 1970 and 1980

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

1980 1970

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Persons Percent Persons Percent

in in in in

Region Total Federal Federal Total Federal Federal

Election District Persons Lands Lands Persons Lands Lands

Total............ 105979 19550 18.4 84996 20316 23.9

Urban....... 41875 14063 33.6 21671 0 0

Percent........ 39.5 71.9 ... 25.5 0 ...

North............ 47583 8699 44.5 32540 10688 52.6

Urban....... 23208 8430 43.1 8230 0 0

Dededo................ 23644 3554 18.2 10780 1697 8.4

Tamuning.............. 13580 69 .4 10218 235 1.2

Yigo.................. 10359 5076 26 11542 8756 43.1

Central.......... 34526 5065 25.9 31266 4085 20.1

Urban....... 10126 0 0 10829 0 0

Agana................. 896 0 0 2119 0 0

Agana Heights......... 3284 314 1.6 3156 419 2.1

Asan.................. 2034 417 2.1 2629 535 2.6

Barrigada............. 7756 1716 8.8 6356 1105 5.4

Chalan Pago‑Ordot..... 3120 0 0 2931 0 0

Mangilao.............. 6840 856 4.4 3228 0 0

Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite... 5245 410 2.1 6057 2026 10

Piti.................. 2866 1352 6.9 1284 0 0

Sinajana.............. 2485 0 0 3506 0 0

South............ 23870 5786 29.6 21190 5543 27.3

Urban....... 8541 5633 28.8 2612 0 0

Agat.................. 3999 0 0 4308 38 .2

Inarajan.............. 2059 0 0 1897 0 0

Merizo................ 1663 0 0 1529 0 0

Santa Rita............ 9183 5786 29.6 8109 5505 27.1

Talofofo.............. 2006 0 0 1935 0 0

Umatac................ 732 0 0 813 0 0

Yona.................. 4228 0 0 2599 0 0

______________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑B54 Table 4; PC(1)B54 Table 4

Table 1.13 shows that in 1970, 24 percent of the total population of Guam (20,316 persons) lived on federal land areas. Nearly 53 percent of these lived in the North, mostly on Andersen Air Force Base; 20 percent in the Central region, mostly at the Naval Air Station and Naval Regional Medical Center; and 27 percent lived in the South, in Apra Harbor housing. By 1980, the smaller number of persons on federal lands and growth in the civilian population caused the percent of persons living on federal lands to decrease to 18 percent. A larger share resided in Central Guam because of a naval vessel berthed in Piti.

Future military population living in federal land areas will be determined by the Defense Department. The 1990 census will probably see some shift in the geographic distribution of the population to Central Guam caused by the homeporting of additional ships in Apra Harbor since 1980. The local names of federal land areas are shown in Table 1.14.

Table 1.14 Population on Federal Lands: 1980

Region Percent Percent

Election District, Federal Land Area Persons Of Total Federal

Total persons........................... 105979 100 ...

Persons on federal land areas...... 19550 18.4 100

North...................................... 8699 8.2 44.5

Dededo, Naval Communication Station............. 3538 3.3 18.1

Dededo, Andersen Air Force Base Northwest Field. 16 0 .1

Tamuning, Harmon Annex.......................... 69 .1 .4

Yigo, Andersen Air Force Base................... 4892 4.6 25

Yigo, Marbo Annex............................... 184 .2 .9

Central.................................... 5065 4.8 25.9

Agana Heights, Naval Hospital................... 314 .3 1.6

Asan, U.S. Naval Hospital....................... 417 .4 2.1

Barrigada, Naval Air Station.................... 1650 1.6 8.4

Barrigada, Naval Communication Station.......... 66 .1 .3

Mangilao, Marbo Annex........................... 856 .8 4.4

Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite, Naval Air Station.......... 410 .4 2.1

Piti, Vessel.................................... 1352 1.3 6.9

South...................................... 5786 5.5 29.6

Santa Rita, Apra Harbor Naval Reservation....... 5633 5.3 28.8

Santa Rita, U.S. Naval Magazine................. 153 .1 .8

________________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Summary Tape File 1A, Table 1; Bureau

of Planning, Government of Guam.

POPULATION DENSITY

Guam's islandwide population density increased over 368 percent between 1940 and 1980, from 107 persons per square mile in 1940 to 507 persons per square mile in 1980, as shown in Table 1.15. Increases in density were not uniform throughout the island. The Northern portion of the island was the most populated region by 1980, but it was still not the most densely settled. Its density increased from 25 persons per square mile in 1940 to 670 in 1980. The Central region was the area with the highest population density on the island, increasing from 324 to 803 persons per square mile by 1980. At one time, the Southern portion of the island was more densely settled than the North, but by 1980, it had the lowest population density, only 251 persons per square mile. Density in the South increased rapidly between 1940 and 1960, but remained fairly constant between 1960 and 1980, reflecting the slower rate of growth in the South during the period of rapid growth in the North.

Table 1.15 Population Distribution and Density by Region: 1940 to 1980

Year Pcnt

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ Change

Region 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1940‑80

Total population.... 105979 84996 67044 59498 22290 373.8

Area in square miles.. 209 209 209 209 209

Population density.... 507 407 321 285 107

North Population.. 47583 32540 18752 16147 1795 2580

Area in square miles.. 71 71 71 71 71

Population density.... 670 458 264 227 25

Central Population. 34526 31266 25479 26495 13946 147.8

Area in square miles.. 43 43 43 43 43

Population density.... 803 727 593 616 324

South Population... 23870 21190 22813 16856 6549 263.8

Area in square miles.. 95 95 95 95 95

Population density.... 251 223 240 177 69

________________________________________________________________________

Note: 1980 population in Central Guam includes 1352 persons living on

board military vessels.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑A54 1980 Table 4; PC(1)‑B54

1970 Table 5; P‑B54 1950 Table 34, Bureau of Planning, Government

of Guam.

URBAN‑RURAL DISTRIBUTION

In order to qualify as urban, an area must first meet the criteria of Census Designated Place (CDP). As discussed earlier, a CDP is a generally closely settled center of population without corporate limits. If the CDP has a population of at least 2,500 persons, it is urban. Rural areas are all areas that are not urban.

Although Places have been named by the Census Bureau since 1960, a comparison of urban‑rural distribution is not possible. Census definitions of CDP's have not been applied consistently on Guam for each census period. In 1960 and 1970, 16 CDP's were named. In 1980, an additional 16 CDP's were listed (Table 1.16). Many of those CDP's additionally named in 1980 were existing communities in 1970, and some were existing even in 1960. The inclusion of government quarters especially impacts on urban areas, as government quarters comprised over 34 percent of all urban areas in 1980.

Table 1.16 Population of Census Designated Places: 1960 to 1980

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑

Census Designated Place 1980 1970 1960

Total................. 69106 35079 28567

North....................... 24248 10616 7627

Andersen Air Force Base... 4892 ... ...

Dededo Village............ 2524 2386 2247

Finegayan Station......... 3538 ... ...

Marbo Annex............... 1040 ... ...

Tamuning Village.......... 8862 8230 5380

Yigo Village.............. 3392 ... ...

Central..................... 27870 16257 13000

Agana Village............. 896 2119 1642

Agana Heights Village..... 2970 3156 3210

Agana Station............. 2060 ... ...

Asan Village.............. 726 755 543

Barrigada Village......... 3127 1549 1729

Barrigada Hts Subdivision. 1127 ... ...

Chalan Pago Village....... 1921 ... ...

Latte Heights Subdivision. 1056 ... ...

Maina Village............. 891 ... ...

Maite Village............. 419 ... ...

Mangilao Village.......... 4029 ... ...

Mongmong Village.......... 2058 5052 2285

Nimitz Hill Annex......... 417 ... ...

Ordot Village............. 1199 ... ...

Piti Village.............. 737 ... ...

Sinajana Village.......... 1879 2621 2861

Toto Village.............. 2358 1005 730

South....................... 16988 8206 7940

Agat Village.............. 2908 2612 2596

Apra Harbor............... 5633 ... ...

Inarajan Village.......... 918 614 761

Merizo Village............ 1500 731 508

Santa Rita Village........ 1264 1976 1630

Santa Rosa Subdivision.... 860 ... ...

Talofofo Village.......... 1470 844 947

Umatac Village............ 487 423 393

Yona Village.............. 1948 1006 1105

_____________________________________________________________________

Note: Symbol "..." indicates an area was not designated a CDP.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑A54 1980 Table 9.

Urban areas on Guam contained 40 percent of the population in 1980 or 41,875 persons (Table 1.17). The North was the most densely urban, with half of its population residing in urban areas. The population of the village of Tamuning was 65 percent urban. The federal land areas of Andersen Air Force Base in Yigo and Finegayan Station in Dededo contributed to the urban density. Nearly 36 percent of the population of Southern Guam resided in urban areas, exclusively in Agat (73 percent urban) and Santa Rita (61 percent urban). In contrast, only 29 percent of the population of Central Guam lived in urban areas, 90 percent in Agana Heights, 40 percent of Barrigada, and 59 percent of Mangilao. The larger percent urban in the South as opposed to Central Guam is the result of military housing in Santa Rita.

Table 1.17. Urban and Rural Residence by Election District: 1980

Number Percent

Region ‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑Percent

Election District Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Urban

Total.......... 105,979 41,875 64,104 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.5

North............... 47,583 23,208 24,375 44.9 55.4 38.0 48.8

Dededo............ 23,644 6,062 17,582 22.3 14.5 27.4 25.6

Tamuning.......... 13,580 8,862 4,718 12.8 21.2 7.4 65.3

Yigo.............. 10,359 8,284 2,075 9.8 19.8 3.2 80.0

Central............. 34,526 10,126 24,400 32.6 24.2 38.1 29.3

Agana............. 896 0 896 .8 0.0 1.4 0.0

Agana Heights..... 3,284 2,970 314 3.1 7.1 .5 90.4

Asan.............. 2,034 0 2,034 1.9 0.0 3.2 0.0

Barrigada......... 7,756 3,127 4,629 7.3 7.5 7.2 40.3

Chalan Pago/Ordot. 3,120 0 3,120 2.9 0.0 4.9 0.0

Mangilao.......... 6,840 4,029 2,811 6.5 9.6 4.4 58.9

Mong‑Toto‑Maite... 5,245 0 5,245 4.9 0.0 8.2 0.0

Piti.............. 2,866 0 2,866 2.7 0.0 4.5 0.0

Sinajana.......... 2,485 0 2,485 2.3 0.0 3.9 0.0

South............... 23,870 8,541 15,329 22.5 20.4 23.9 35.8

Agat.............. 3,999 2,908 1,091 3.8 6.9 1.7 72.7

Inarajan.......... 2,059 0 2,059 1.9 0.0 3.2 0.0

Merizo............ 1,663 0 1,663 1.6 0.0 2.6 0.0

Santa Rita....... 9,183 5,633 3,550 8.7 13.5 5.5 61.3

Talofofo.......... 2,006 0 2,006 1.9 0.0 3.1 0.0

Umatac............ 732 0 732 .7 0.0 1.1 0.0

Yona.............. 4,228 0 4,228 4.0 0.0 6.6 0.0

________________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census PC80‑1‑A54 1980, Table 4.

SUMMARY

For the purpose of population analysis, Guam can be divided into Northern, Southern, and Central areas for census periods between 1940 and 1980. The smaller geographic units of election districts are comparable between 1960 and 1980, having undergone extensive reorganization on several occasions prior to 1960.

Prior to World War II, nearly half of Guam's population lived in the one square mile village of Agana, in Central Guam. Military occupation during and after the war dispersed the indigenous population into other areas of the island. Fractional lot problems in Agana contributed to the difficulty of repopulating the village after the war. In other parts of the island, families gave up their inherited lands to the U.S. government, which seized over one‑third of Guam's land for defense purposes.

The decades 1940 through 1980 thus became a period of rapid growth in the North. New inhabitants included both indigenous residents and new off‑island migrants from the United States and Asia. The population of the North increased a remarkable 45,788 persons, from 1,795 in 1940 to 47,583 in 1980. Growth in the other regions did not match the population increase of the North. The Central region, the most populated area in 1940, added 20,580 persons, while the South grew by 17,321 persons.

In the Southern region, the villages of Merizo, Umatac, and Inarajan have retained their rural character, with interior mountainous areas not suited for housing development. Some new development has occurred during the 1980's in the more gently sloping areas of Yona and Talofofo, as improved roads shorten travel time to the commercial further North, and generally improved infrastructure opens the area for development.

Of the individual election districts showing decreases and large increase in population between 1960 and 1970, the number of military personnel living on federal lands was often the source of the change. The population living on federal lands should be taken into account in analyzing the growth trends of election districts. Growth caused by the homeporting of military vessels and declines caused by the closure of military barracks are significant in that they do not affect future birth rates, education needs, or housing markets, nor do fluctuations in the number of military personnel necessarily mean that a trend has been established.

In 1980, 40 percent of the population lived in urban places. Of that 40 percent, one‑third lived on military reservations. It is probable that more and more places in the civilian portions of Northern and Central Guam will meet the 2,500 and over resident criterion for urban places in the future as the regions become more populated. The military will probably not contribute greatly to the development of additional urban areas until new government quarters are built.

É[1]„!B„!ÉË

Ë‚À

EÀÎÎÐB_ÐÀ

EEÀÀEGÀË

ËÀG?ÀÃ#‑ÃCHAPTER 2œƒ

Ã#Ã AGE AND SEX CHARACTERISTICSœƒ

Ë
ËÀ? UÀ

The age and sex composition of a population provides information

necessary to plan for community development and for determining changing

social and economic characteristics. Age is the crucial factor for

determining various potential populations for schooling, manpower, and

voting. Sex is important in understanding social perspective and trends in

a community and a population's potential economic activity.

The data on sex were derived from answers to question 3. At the time

of field review, most cases in which sex was not reported were resolved by

determining the appropriate entry from the person's given name and household

relationship. When sex remained blank, it was allocated according to the

relationship to the householder and the age and marital status of the

person.

The data on age were derived from answers to question 5. Only the

information in items 5b and 5c (on month and year of birth) was read into

the computer. Answers to questions 5a (on age at last birthday) were used

during field review to fill any blanks in question 5c. The age

classification was based on the age of the person in completed years as of

April 1, 1980. The data on age represent the difference between date of

birth and April 1, 1980.

In Chapter 1 we discussed historical statistics for Guam, including age and sex distributions, starting with information from the 1700s. In this, and subsequent chapters, we will be discussing recent statistics for Guam, with a view for the potential use of the data for planning purposes.

The population of Guam has been aging in recent years, partly because

of reduced fertility (which will be described in Chapter 5), partly as a

result of even more drastic decreases in mortality (as described in Chapter

6), and partly because of the unusual migration situation, with large

numbers of relatively "middle-aged" migrants (discussed in detail in Chapter 7).

AGE AND SEX CHARACTERISTICSœ

The median age of Guam's population in 1980 was 22.2 years, compared to 30.0 in the United States (Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1). The median age is

that age which is the exact mid-point of all ages, that is, half the people

were older and half the people were younger. The median had decreased

slightly from 18.1 in 1920 to 17.9 in 1940, partly due to the influenza

epidemic's remains in 1919 having affected fertility, and the whooping cough epidemic in the 1930s. The median increased by 5 years in 1950 because of relatively large numbers of military stationed on Guam. When many of these persons in the Armed Forces were gone in 1960, the median decreased again, and only increased for the 1980 census, probably as a result of decreased fertility and migration.

Ñÿÿ U [1]

ÿÑÇ"Ç

In most populations, the median for females is higher than for males,

but the military on Guam affects those figures as well. In the early

decades of the century, before the Armed Forces were on Guam in any

significant numbers, females generally were older than males (with the

exception of 1930). In 1950, the median for males was 3 years older than

for females because of the Armed Forces and contract workers sent to support

the military. Males were more than 6 years older than females in 1960, and

3 years older in 1970. Partly because of the reduction in the military and

a change in their age and sex structure, and because of the increase in the

local populations, by 1980 the median age for males and females was the

same.

À UUÀ

Table 2.1. Median Age: 1920 to 1980

---------------------------------------------------------

Census

Year Total Males Females

---------------------------------------------------------

1980 22.2 22.2 22.2

1970 20.4 21.6 18.2

1960 20.8 22.9 16.5

1950 22.8 23.3 20.3

1940 17.9 17.3 18.5

1930 18.8 19.1 18.6

1920 18.1 17.3 18.9

_________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

ÀU UÀ

ËÀ UGÀÃ'ÃFigure 2.1 Median Age: 1920 to 1980œƒ

ËÀG UÀÜÜ
The median age of the population by region varied over time (Table

2.2). In 1930, the Central region had the lowest median age (16.4 years),

followed by the North (17.7 years); by 1950, the Central region had the

highest median age (23.3 years), with the North second highest (23.2 years).

These fluctuations between regions could be a result of regional migration

and the presence of the military in certain regions.

À UUÀTable 2.2 Median Age by Region: 1930 to 1980

------------------------------------------------

Year

Region 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930

------------------------------------------------

Guam... 22.2 20.4 20.8 22.8 17.9 18.8

North....... 22.9 22.1 21.6 23.2 18.3 17.7

Central..... 22.5 20.0 18.9 23.3 17.7 16.4

South....... 20.5 18.7 23.4 21.9 18.3 18.1

________________________________________________

Source: Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

ÀU UÀ

The effect of the Armed Forces on the sex distribution is more clearly

seen in Table 2.3 (and Figure 2.2). As noted previously, in most

populations there are more females than males. In fact, on Guam in 1920,

there were 295 more females than males, but that was the last census to show

a surplus of females. The sex distributions in 1930 and 1940 were not

abnormal, but by 1950, a change had occurred. In 1950 there were 21,472

more males than females, and the number of males per 100 females doubled,

from 103 in 1940 to 213 in 1950. In 1950, there were more than 2 males for

every female on the island. With decreased military activity, the number of

males per 100 females decreased, until it reached 109 in 1980, more than any

State except Alaska, which had a surplus of males for other reasons.

À U
UÀTable 2.3. Males per 100 Females: 1920 to 1980

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Census Surplus of Males per

Year Males Females Males 100 Females

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

1980 55,321 50,658 4,663 109.2

1970 47,362 37,634 9,728 125.8

1960 39,211 27,833 11,378 140.9

1950 40,485 19,013 21,472 212.9

1940 11,294 10,983 311 102.8

1930 9,630 8,879 751 108.5

1920 6,490 6,785 -295 95.7

_______________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

À
U UÀÜÜ
Ë

ËÀ UGÀÃ'ÃFigure 2.2 Males per 100 Females: 1920 to 1980œƒ

ËÀG UÀ

The distribution by age has changed somewhat since 1940, the first

decennial census to display 5 years age groups for ages up to 75 years

(Table 2.4). Between 1940 and 1950, the percentages of persons under 5

decreased, probably partly because of residual reduced fertility following

the war, but primarily because of increased migration of Armed Service

personnel and contract workers. The change in the 5 to 14 year olds was

even greater, decreasing by 7 percentage points for the 5 to 9 years olds

and 6 percentage points for the 10 to 14 year olds. Much of this decrease

must be attributed to many women not having children during the war years.

This group which would normally have created an unusual effect in the

age distribution over time, much as the baby boomers has created a bulge

which is gradually working its way through the age distribution in the

United States, cannot be seen for later censuses because of the great

influx of military personnel and contract workers, starting in the 1940s.

Hence, although this decrease is seen for 5 to 14 year olds in 1950, by 1960

when this group was 15 to 24, the number of Armed Forces personnel in this

same age group was so great, that the Natives have to be disaggregated to

see the affects on that segment of the population. (We have disaggregated

the population by ethnicity in Chapter 8).

À U

UÀTable 2.4. Population by Age and Sex: 1940 to 1980

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Numbers Percent

------------------------------------ -----------------------------

Age Group 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total.105,979 84,996 67,044 59,498 22,290 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0 to 4. 13,002 11,635 10,824 7,568 3,746 12.3 13.7 16.1 12.7 16.8

5 to 9. 12,632 11,762 9,164 4,453 3,261 11.9 13.8 13.7 7.5 14.6

10 to 14. 11,338 10,304 7,254 4,084 2,827 10.7 12.1 10.8 6.9 12.7

15 to 19. 10,993 8,049 4,994 7,162 2,228 10.4 9.5 7.4 12.0 10.0

20 to 24. 11,108 10,270 6,744 11,378 1,870 10.5 12.1 10.1 19.1 8.4

25 to 29. 10,324 6,406 5,572 7,275 1,719 9.7 7.5 8.3 12.2 7.7

30 to 34. 9,289 6,171 6,617 5,452 1,455 8.8 7.3 9.9 9.2 6.5

35 to 39. 6,246 5,474 5,151 4,044 1,203 5.9 6.4 7.7 6.8 5.4

40 to 44. 5,049 4,792 3,403 2,761 946 4.8 5.6 5.1 4.6 4.2

45 to 49. 4,189 3,530 2,631 2,014 812 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.6

50 to 54. 3,983 2,305 1,736 1,216 599 3.8 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.7

55 to 59. 2,914 1,748 1,171 810 501 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.4 2.2

60 to 64. 1,927 1,070 695 483 435 1.8 1.3 1.0 .8 2.0

65 to 69. 1,418 689 478 346 291 1.3 .8 .7 .6 1.3

70 to 74. 809 351 271 204 210 .8 .4 .4 .3 .9

75 + .... 758 440 339 248 174 .7 .5 .5 .4 .8

___________________________________________________________________________

Note: 1940 includes 13 persons of unknown age.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

U UÀ

The military influence is clearly seen in the 1950 census results,

since almost 1 in every 5 persons on Guam was between 20 and 24 in that

year, up from only 1 in 12 in 1940. The proportion decreased to about 1 in

10 in 1960 and subsequent years. About 1 in every 8 persons on Guam in 1950

was between 15 and 19, and about the same proportion were between 25 and 29.

Altogether about 43 percent of the population in 1950 was between 15 and 29.

About 16 percent of the 1960 population were under 5, and another 14

percent were 5 to 9, showing the effects of the baby boom on Guam. By 1970,

fertility had begun to decrease, with only 14 percent of the population less

than 5 years old, and by 1980 the decrease continued, to 12 percent of the

population.

The proportion of the population which was elderly remained low

throughout the period, partly because of the influence of the presence of

the military (which decreased the percentage of youth as well as elderly),

and partly because the birth rate was high, and continued to be fairly high

even in 1980 (although very low compared to the developing world). Just

over 3 percent of the population in 1940 was 65 years and over. The

proportion of elderly decreased to between 1 and 2 percent from 1950 to

1970, and increased to 3 percent again in 1980. As will be shown in Chapter

8 on ethnicity, most of the elderly were Chamorro, so that as the rest of

the population ages, the percentage of elderly will increase, as will the

need to provide housing and other services for these persons.

Traditionally, Chamorro culture has made provisions for its elderly, with

specific roles within the extended family context. As the society has

"Westernized" many of these roles have changed, resulting in the likelihood

of new mechanisms being needed to care for the elderly, particularly as

non-Chamorros become part of this group.

DEPENDENCY RATIOœ

The dependency ratio is derived by dividing the sum of persons under 15

(the pre-labor force youth) and the elderly (those over 64), by the persons

generally included in the potential labor force (those 15 to 64), and

multiplying by 100. A dependency ratio of 100 would mean that there is

exactly one dependent for each potential worker; a higher number would mean

that there are more dependents than workers, and a lower number means that

there are more workers than dependents.

In 1940, before the military "invasion", the population was closest to

a dependency ratio of 100, with a figure of 89 (89 dependents for every 100

potential workers) (Table 2.5). The dependency ratio in 1950 was only 40,

less than half of the ratio for 1940, showing both greatly reduced fertility

in the war years and the huge influx of military personnel in the late

1940s. This value is unlikely to occur in any "natural" environment, and is

due to the large numbers of young and middle-aged adults on island in

connection with the Armed Forces. This kind of figure makes analysis of the

dependency ratios fairly useless since some segments of the population were

still living at subsistence levels, and other segments were living off an

artificially constructed economy, including PXs and other imported goods and

materials.

The dependency ratios in 1960, 1970, and 1980, continued to show the

influence of the military. After a jump in 1960 because of proportionally

fewer military on island however, the ratio continued to decrease to 60 in

1980. The decrease in the 20 years before the 1980 census was due both to

increased immigration of aliens in the middle years (as well as

Statesiders), and decreased fertility (which was far greater than the slight

increase in the elderly population.)

À U
UÀTable 2.5. Dependency Ratios: 1940 to 1980

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Age Group 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Total..... 105,979 84,996 67,044 59,498 22,277¼1

0 to 14..... 36,972 33,701 27,242 16,105 9,834

15 to 64..... 66,022 49,815 38,714 42,595 11,768

65 +......... 2,985 1,480 1,088 798 675

Dependency

Ratio...... 60.5 70.6 73.2 39.7 89.3

____________________________________________________________________

1) Excludes 13 persons of unknown age.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

À
U UÀ

The male population has shown the fluctuations in the age distribution

more dramatically than the female population, because most of the early

military personnel were males (Table 2.6). Again, the age distribution for

1940 was fairly "normal" because most of the residents were Chamorros and

were living without military activity. In 1950, all of this had changed.

In 1950, almost 1 in every 4 males was between 20 and 24, another 14

percent were between 15 and 19, and another 13 percent were between 25 and

29. Hence, more than half the males were in this 15 year age range. Most

of these males were military personnel. The proportion of males in this age

range has remained large throughout the rest of the period because of

continued military activity on island.

À U

UÀTable 2.6. Males by Age and Sex: 1940 to 1980

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Numbers Percent

------------------------------------ -----------------------------

Age Group 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Males. 55,321 47,362 39,211 40,485 11,300 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0 to 4. 6,620 5,962 5,614 3,885 1,945 12.0 12.6 14.3 9.6 17.2

5 to 9. 6,458 6,054 4,593 2,286 1,734 11.7 12.8 11.7 5.6 15.4

10 to 14. 5,835 5,362 3,685 2,129 1,463 10.5 11.3 9.4 5.3 13.0

15 to 19. 5,849 4,148 3,053 5,583 1,092 10.6 8.8 7.8 13.8 9.7

20 to 24. 6,019 6,642 4,527 9,613 885 10.9 14.0 11.5 23.7 7.8

25 to 29. 5,194 3,569 3,386 5,231 897 9.4 7.5 8.6 12.9 7.9

30 to 34. 4,854 3,538 4,526 3,812 748 8.8 7.5 11.5 9.4 6.6

35 to 39. 3,386 3,267 3,440 2,850 621 6.1 6.9 8.8 7.0 5.5

40 to 44. 2,650 3,038 2,172 1,859 504 4.8 6.4 5.5 4.6 4.5

45 to 49. 2,171 2,192 1,684 1,380 402 3.9 4.6 4.3 3.4 3.6

50 to 54. 2,238 1,334 1,036 793 300 4.0 2.8 2.6 2.0 2.7

55 to 59. 1,634 1,015 642 482 231 3.0 2.1 1.6 1.2 2.0

60 to 64. 1,008 577 367 243 199 1.8 1.2 .9 .6 1.8

65 to 69. 729 324 223 157 119 1.3 .7 .6 .4 1.1

70 to 74. 392 160 117 84 83 .7 .3 .3 .2 .7

75 + .... 284 180 146 98 71 .5 .4 .4 .2 .6

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

U UÀ

The female population on Guam has not seen the tremendous fluctuations

the male age distribution experienced (Table 2.7). Some of this anomaly in

the 15 to 29 years old females in the 1950 census can be attributed to wives

who accompanied their husbands for military duty on island.

The increase in percentage of females in the 0 to 4 age group between

1940 and 1950 (from 16 to 19 percent) probably reflects real growth in this

age group, and, if the military were excluded from the male distribution,

males also would probably exhibit the same pattern. The late 1940s saw the

beginning of the baby boom on Guam as elsewhere, so that the high rates of 0

to 4 years olds in 1950 and 1960 reflect this higher fertility; almost 1 in

every 5 females in those two censuses were less than 5 years old. After the

1960 census, the percentage of these females decreased, partly as a result

of the baby bust, and partly because of increased migration of aliens and

persons from the States (including increased numbers of female military

personnel).

The proportion of female elderly has remained low, but, once again,

this may change as the general population ages.

À U

UÀTable 2.7. Females by Age and Sex: 1940 to 1980

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Numbers Percent

------------------------------------ -----------------------------

Age Group 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fmles. 50,658 37,634 27,833 19,013 10,990 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0 to 4. 6,382 5,673 5,210 3,683 1,801 12.6 15.1 18.7 19.4 16.4

5 to 9. 6,174 5,708 4,571 2,167 1,527 12.2 15.2 16.4 11.4 13.9

10 to 14. 5,503 4,942 3,569 1,955 1,364 10.9 13.1 12.8 10.3 12.4

15 to 19. 5,144 3,901 1,941 1,579 1,136 10.2 10.4 7.0 8.3 10.3

20 to 24. 5,089 3,628 2,217 1,765 985 10.0 9.6 8.0 9.3 9.0

25 to 29. 5,130 2,837 2,186 2,044 822 10.1 7.5 7.9 10.8 7.5

30 to 34. 4,435 2,633 2,091 1,640 707 8.8 7.0 7.5 8.6 6.4

35 to 39. 2,860 2,207 1,711 1,194 582 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 5.3

40 to 44. 2,399 1,754 1,231 902 442 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.7 4.0

45 to 49. 2,018 1,338 947 634 410 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.7

50 to 54. 1,745 971 700 423 299 3.4 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.7

55 to 59. 1,280 733 529 328 270 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.5

60 to 64. 919 493 328 240 236 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 2.1

65 to 69. 689 365 255 189 172 1.4 1.0 .9 1.0 1.6

70 to 74. 417 191 154 120 127 .8 .5 .6 .6 1.2

75 + .... 474 260 193 150 103 .9 .7 .7 .8 .9

___________________________________________________________________________

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Decennial Reports

U UÀË

ËÀ UGÀÃ'ÃFigure 2.3 Age and Sex Distribution: 1940œƒ

ÜÜ

Ã'ÃFigure 2.4 Age and Sex Distribution: 1950œƒ

Ã'ÃFigure 2.5 Age and Sex Distribution: 1960œƒ

ÜÜ

Ã'ÃFigure 2.6 Age and Sex Distribution: 1970œƒ

Ã'ÃFigure 2.7 Age and Sex Distribution: 1980œƒ

ÜÜ
Ë

ËÀG UÀSEX RATIOœ

As noted earlier, the number of males per 100 females increased from

103 to 213 between 1940 and 1950 because of the influx of military

personnel, and then decreased first to 141 in 1960, then to 126 in 1970, and

109 in 1980 (Table 2.8 and Figure 2.8). As would be expected, the

proportions for young ages were closer to even numbers of males and females

(although we do not expect a figure of 100, because, world-wide, there are

about 106 males born for every 100 females).

The coming of the military to Guam also affected the proportion of

males and females in the military ages. In 1950, for example, there were

354 males for every 100 females aged 15 to 19, 545 males per 100 females

aged 20 to 24, 256 for those 25 to 29, with diminishing proportions after

that. As time has gone by, these proportions have decreased, but in some

ages have remained high, especially compared with similar populations in the

States and elsewhere. By 1960, only 20 to 24 and 30 to 39 year olds had

more than 2 males for each female, and none of the age groups in 1960 had

this disparity (although there were 183 males 20 to 24 years old for every

100 females in that age group).

There were more females than males 65 years and over (except for those

65 to 69 in 1980) for each of the censuses, showing increased male mortality

in the older age groups.

À U

UÀTable 2.8. Males per 100 Females by Age: 1940 to 1980